General
Information is from dictionaries and other sources. Comments and corrections welcome. All Malaysian and Indonesian names in the process of conversion into modernised spelling only. Hover over Green Lettering Green lettering at this site hides a tool tip with glosses, further explanations, etc. Hover cursor to reveal. to see additional information.
In contrast to the distributions in the temperate regions, in Southeast Asia the typical Laridae species are terns rather than gulls.
In Malaysian and Indonesian the old, widely distributed name for terns included also the rare gulls and skuas (Stercoraridae): camar (written as camar ~ cakmar ~ cemar ~ cencamar ~ jamar ~ jemar) 'tern'.
Originally there appears to have been no distinction among the various species and all were called camar.
In the early ornithological period, certain species became distinguished by size:
Sterna bergii as 'large' and Sterna albifrons as 'small';
or the exceptional terns which were not white, by colour:
Sterna dougalli as 'pink' and the two Anous species as 'black'.
All of the other species-names in the Laridae and the Stercorariidae are more modern inventions.
In another relatively recent development, the Laridae species have became known by the alternate designation 'sea-pigeon'.
The names are based on the two names for the domestic pigeon, Columba livia (Columbidae): merpati laut and dara laut (in combination with laut 'sea'). Originally there was no difference in meaning between the two names.
For some speakers merpati has become a general name for larger pigeons, and dara has become a general name for smaller doves. For those speakers, this size distinction has been carried over into the Laridae names, and merpati laut is 'gull' in contrast to dara laut 'tern'.
Species names
ANOINAE | ||||||||
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SCIENTIFIC & WESTERN |
MALAY |
OTHER S. E. ASIAN |
EAST ASIAN |
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Anous | ||||||||
Latin |
English |
Malaysian |
Other M |
Indonesian |
Thai |
Vietnamese |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Anous minutus | Black noddy | Burung Camar Haji 'pilgrim tern (bird)' (25) Burung Camar Topi Putih 'white-hatted tern (bird)' (24) Note |
Burung Camar Hitam 'black tern (bird)' (same as Anous stolidus) (old) |
Burung Camar-angguk Hitam 'black nodding-tern (bird)' Burung Dara Laut Hitam Kecil 'small black sea-pigeon (bird)' (29) |
玄燕鸥 (玄燕鷗) 'dark swallow-gull' (4) |
ヒメクロアジサシ (姫黒鯵刺) hime kuro aji-sashi 'princess black tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber') |
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Anous stolidus |
Brown noddy Common noddy Noddy Tern |
Burung Camar Angguk 'nodding tern (bird)' (24, 25, 26, 28) |
Burung Camar Hitam 'black tern (bird)' (same as Anous minutus) (old) |
Burung Camar-angguk Coklat 'brown nodding-tern (bird)' Burung Camar-angguk Hitam Besar 'large black sea-pigeon (bird)' (29) |
นกน็อดดี nók nóat-dii 'noddy (bird)' (nóat-dii from English 'noddy') |
Chim Nhàn đầu xám 'grey-headed tern (bird)' (12, 34) |
白顶玄鸥 (白頂玄鷗) 'white-headed dark-gull' (1, 3, 36) 白顶玄燕鸥 (白頂玄燕鷗) 'white-headed dark swallow-gull' (2, 4, 5) |
クロアジサシ (黒鯵刺) kuro aji-sashi 'black tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber') |
LARINAE | ||||||||
SCIENTIFIC & WESTERN |
MALAY |
OTHER S. E. ASIAN |
EAST ASIAN |
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Chroicocephalus | ||||||||
Latin |
English |
Malaysian |
Other M |
Indonesian |
Thai |
Vietnamese |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus Larus brunnicephalus |
Brown-headed gull Indian black-headed gull |
Larus brunnicephalus: Burung Camar Topeng Coklat 'brown-masked tern (bird)' (26, 28) Burung Camar Kepala Coklat 'brown-headed tern (bird)' (24, 25) |
Larus brunnicephalus: Burung Camar Kepala-coklat 'brown-headed tern (bird)' |
นกนางนวลธรรมดา nók naaŋ-nuan tʰam-ma-daa 'common gull (bird)' |
Larus brunnicephalus: Chim Mòng bể đầu nâu 'brown-headed sea gull (bird)' (12, 13, 34) |
Larus brunnicephalus: 棕头鸥 (棕頭鷗) 'reddishbrown-headed gull' Taiwan: Larus brunnicephalus: (棕头鸥) 棕頭鷗 'reddishbrown-headed gull' |
Larus brunnicephalus: チャガシラカモメ (茶頭鴎) cha-gashira kamome 'brown-headed gull' |
|
Chroicocephalus ridibundis Larus ridibundis |
Black-headed Gull Common Black-headed Gull |
Larus ridibundis: Burung Camar Topeng Hitam 'black-masked tern (bird)' (26, 28) Burung Camar Kepala Hitam 'black-headed tern (bird)' (24, 25) |
Larus ridibundis: Burung Camar Kepala-hitam 'black-headed tern (bird)' |
นกนางนวลขอบปีกขาว nók naaŋ-nuan kʰòaap-pìik kʰăaw 'white-border-winged gull (bird)' |
Larus ridibundis: Chim Mòng bể 'sea gull (bird)' (12, 34) |
Larus ridibundis: 红嘴鸥 (紅嘴鷗) 'red-billed gull' Taiwan: Larus ridibundis: (红嘴鸥) 紅嘴鷗 'red-billed gull' |
Larus ridibundis: ユリカモメ (百合鴎) yuri kamome 'lily gull' |
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Leucophaeus | ||||||||
Latin |
English |
Malaysian |
Other M |
Indonesian |
Thai |
Vietnamese |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Leucophaeus atricilla Larus atricilla |
Laughing gull | Burung Camar Topeng Hitam Amerika 'American black-masked tern (bird)' (28) |
Larus atricilla: 笑鸥 (笑鷗) 'laughing gull' Taiwan: Larus atricilla: (笑鸥) 笑鷗 'laughing gull' |
ワライカモメ (笑鴎) warai kamome 'laughing gull' |
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Larus | ||||||||
Latin |
English |
Malaysian | Other M |
Indonesian |
Thai |
Vietnamese |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Larus fuscus |
Lesser black-backed gull | Burung Camar Cina 'Chinese tern (bird)' (28) Taxonomy |
นกนางนวลหลังดำเล็ก nók naaŋ-nuan lăŋ-dam lék 'small black-backed gull (bird)' Taxonomy |
Chim Mòng bể chân vàng 'yellow-legged sea gull (bird)' (13) Taxonomy |
小黑背银鸥 (小黑背銀鷗) 'silver-gull' (2, 5) Taxonomy |
ニシセグロカモメ (西背黒鴎) nishi se-guro kamome 'western black-backed gull' Taxonomy |
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STERNINAE | ||||||||
SCIENTIFIC & WESTERN |
MALAY |
OTHER S. E. ASIAN |
EAST ASIAN |
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Onychoprion | ||||||||
Latin |
English |
Malaysian |
Other M |
Indonesian |
Thai |
Vietnamese |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Onychoprion aleuticus Sterna aleutica |
Aleutian Tern | Sterna aleutica: Burung Camar Aleutian 'Aleutian tern (bird)' (26) Burung Camar Aleutia 'Aleutian term (bird)' (28) Note |
Burung Dara-laut Aleutian 'Aleutian sea-pigeon (bird)' |
Sterna aleutica: Chim Nhàn bụng đen 'black-bellied tern (bird)' (13) Taxonomy |
白腰燕鸥 (白腰燕鷗) 'white-rumped swallow-gull' Taiwan: (白腰燕鸥) 白腰燕鷗 'white-rumped swallow-gull' |
コシジロアジサシ (腰白鯵刺) koshi-jiro aji-sashi 'white-rumped tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber') |
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Onychoprion fuscatus Sterna fuscata |
Sooty tern | Burung Camar Angin 'wind tern (bird)'(24, 25, 26, 28) |
Burung Dara-laut Sayap-hitam 'black-winged sea-pigeon (bird)' Burung Dara Laut Sayap Hitam 'black-winged sea-pigeon (bird)' (29) |
นกนางนวลแกลบดำ nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep dam 'black lesser-gull (bird)' |
Sterna fuscata (12, 13): Chim Nhàn nâu 'brown tern (bird)' (12, 13, 34) |
乌燕鸥 (烏燕鷗) 'dark swallow-gull' Taiwan: (乌领燕鸥) 烏領燕鷗 'dark-collared swallow-gull' |
セグロアジサシ (背黒鯵刺) se-guro aji-sashi 'black-backed tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber') |
|
Onychoprion anaethetus Onychoprion anethetus Sterna anaethetus |
Bridled tern Brown-winged Tern |
Burung Camar Batu 'rock tern (bird)' (24, 25, 26, 28) |
Burung Dara-laut Batu 'rock sea-pigeon (bird)' Burung Dara Laut Sayap Coklat 'brown-winged sea-pigeon (bird)'(29) |
นกนางนวลแกลบคิ้วขาว nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep kʰíw-kʰăaw 'white-eyebrowed lesser-gull (bird)' |
Sterna anaethetus: Chim Nhàn lưng đen 'black-backed tern (bird)' (12, 13) |
褐翅燕鸥 (褐翅燕鷗) 'brown-winged swallow-gull' Taiwan: (白眉燕鸥) 白眉燕鷗 'white-eyebrowed swallow-gull' |
マミジロアジサシ (眉白鯵刺) mami-jiro aji-sashi 'white-eyebrowed tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber') |
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Sternula | ||||||||
Latin |
English |
Malaysian |
Other M |
Indonesian |
Thai |
Vietnamese |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Sternula albifrons Sterna albifrons |
Little tern | Sterna albifrons: Burung Camar Kecil 'small tern (bird)' (old, 24, 25, 26, 28) |
Sterna saundersi: Burung Camar Teluk Parsi 'Persian Gulf tern (bird)' (28) Sterna saundersi: Burung Camar Ketam 'crab tern (bird)' (conflicts with Sterna nilotica) (24) |
Sterna albifrons: Burung Dara-laut Kecil 'small sea-pigeon (bird)' Burung Dara Laut Kecil 'small sea-pigeon (tern)' (29) |
นกนางนวลแกลบเล็ก nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep lék 'small lesser-tern (bird)' |
Sterna albifrons (12, 13): Chim Nhàn nhỏ 'small tern (bird)' (12, 13, 34) |
Sterna albifrons: 白额燕鸥 (白額燕鷗) 'white-foreheaded swallow-gull' Taiwan: Sterna albifrons: (小燕鸥) 小燕鷗 'small swallow-gull' |
Sterna albifrons: コアジサシ (小鯵刺) ko aji-sashi 'small tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber') |
Gelochelidon | ||||||||
Latin |
English |
Malaysian | Other M |
Indonesian |
Thai |
Vietnamese |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Gelochelidon nilotica Sterna nilotica |
Gull-billed tern | Burung Camar Tiram 'oyster tern (bird)' (24, 26, 28) Burung Camar Ketam 'crab tern (bird)' (25) (conflicts with Sterna saundersi) |
Burung Dara-laut Tiram 'oyster sea-pigeon (bird)' Burung Dara-laut Paruh Lebar 'broad-billed sea-pigeon (bird)' (29) |
นกนางนวลแกลบปากหนา nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep pàak năa 'thick-billed lesser-gull (bird)' |
Chim Nhàn chân đen 'black-legged tern' (12, 13, 34) |
鸥嘴噪鸥 (鷗嘴噪鷗) 'gull-billed noisy gull' Taiwan: (鸥嘴燕鸥) 鷗嘴燕鷗 'gull-billed swallow-gull' |
ハシブトアジサシ (嘴太鯵刺) hashi-buto aji-sashi 'thick-billed tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber') |
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Hydroprogne | ||||||||
Latin |
English |
Malaysian |
Other M |
Indonesian |
Thai |
Vietnamese |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Hydroprogne caspia Sterna caspia Hydroprogne tschegrava |
Caspian tern | Burung Camar Caspian 'Caspian tern (bird)' (26, 28) Burung Camar Kaspian 'Caspian tern (bird)' (24) Burung Camar Kaspia 'Caspian tern (bird)' (25) |
Burung Dara-laut Caspia 'Caspian sea-pigeon (bird)' |
นกนางนวลแกลบแคสเปียน nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep kʰaee-sà-pĭan 'Caspian lesser-gull (bird)' |
Sterna caspia (13): Chim Nhàn Caxpia 'Caspian tern' (12, 13, 34) |
红嘴巨鸥 (紅嘴巨鷗) 'red-billed giant gull' or 黑海巨鸥 (黑海巨鷗) 'Black Sea giant gull' (alt in 5) Taiwan: (里海燕鸥) 裏海燕鷗 'inland sea (=Caspian Sea) swallow-gull' |
オニアジサシ (鬼鯵刺) oni aji-sashi 'ogre tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber') |
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Chlidonias | ||||||||
Latin |
English |
Malaysian |
Other M |
Indonesian |
Thai |
Vietnamese |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Chlidonias hybrida Chlidonias hybridus Sterna hybrida |
Whiskered tern | Burung Camar Bermisai 'moustached tern (bird)' (26, 28) Burung Camar Batu Berumbai 'fringed rock tern (bird)' (24) Burung Camar Tasik 'lake tern (bird)' (25) |
Burung Dara-laut Kumis 'moustached sea-pigeon (bird)' Burung Dara Laut Berkumis 'moustached sea-pigeon bird' (29) |
นกนางนวลแกลบเคราขาว nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep kʰraw-kʰăaw 'white-whiskered lesser-tern (bird)' |
Chim Nhàn đen 'black tern (bird)' (12, 13) |
须浮鸥 (鬚浮鷗) 'whiskered floating-gull' Taiwan: (黑腹燕鸥) 黑腹燕鷗 'black-bellied swallow-gull' |
クロハラアジサシ (黒腹鯵刺) kuro-hara aji-sashi 'black-bellied tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber') |
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Chlidonias leucopterus Sterna leucoptera |
White-winged Tern White-winged Black Tern |
Burung Camar Hitam Sayap Putih 'white-winged black tern (bird)' (26, 28) Burung Camar Kepak Putih 'white-winged tern (bird)' (24) Burung Camar Bahu Putih 'white-shouldered tern (bird)' (25) |
Burung Dara-laut Sayap-putih 'white-winged sea-pigeon (bird)' Burung Dara Laut Sayap-putih 'white-winged sea-pigeon (bird)'(29) |
นกนางนวลแกลบดำปีกขาว nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep dam pìik-kʰăaw 'white-winged black lesser-tern (bird)' |
Chim Nhàn xám 'grey tern (bird)' (12, 13) |
白翅浮鸥 (白翅浮鷗) 'white-winged floating-gull' Taiwan: (白翅黑燕鸥) 白翅黑燕鷗 'white-winged black swallow-gull' |
ハジロクロハラアジサシ (羽白黒腹鯵刺) ha-jiro kuro-hara aji-sashi 'white-winged black-bellied tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber') |
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Sterna | ||||||||
Latin |
English |
Malaysian |
Other M/I |
Indonesian |
Thai |
Vietnamese |
Chinese (incl. Taiwan) |
Japanese |
Sterna dougalli |
Roseate tern | Burung Camar Jambu 'pink tern (bird)' (old, 26, 28) Burung Camar Berjalur 'striped tern (bird)' (possibly an error) (24) Burung Camar Molek 'beautiful tern (bird)' (25) |
Burung Dara-laut Jambon 'pink sea-pigeon (bird)' (jambon is Javanese form of jambu) Burung Dara Laut Jambu 'pink sea-pigeon (bird)' (29) |
นกนางนวลแกลบสีกุหลาบ nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep sĭi-kù-làap 'rose lesser-tern (bird)' |
Chim Nhàn hồng 'rosy tern (bird)' (12, 13, 34) |
粉红燕鸥 (粉紅燕鷗) 'pink swallow-gull' Taiwan: (红燕鸥) 紅燕鷗 'red swallow-gull' |
ベニアジサシ (紅鯵刺) beni aji-sashi 'crimson tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber') |
|
Sterna sumatrana |
Black-naped tern | Burung Camar Tengkuk Hitam 'black-naped tern (bird)' (26, 28) Burung Camar Topi Hitam 'black-hatted tern (bird)' (24) Burung Camar Sumatera 'Sumatran tern (bird)' (25) |
Burung Dara-laut Tengkuk-hitam 'black-naped sea-pigeon (bird)' Burung Dara Laut Sumatera 'Sumatran sea-pigeon (bird)' (29) |
นกนางนวลแกลบท้ายทอยดำ nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep tʰáay-tʰoaay-dam 'black-naped lesser-tern (bird)' |
Chim Nhàn Xumatra 'Sumatran tern (bird)' (12, 13, 34) |
黑枕燕鸥 (黑枕燕鷗) 'black-naped swallow-gull' Taiwan: (苍燕鸥) 蒼燕鷗 'darkblue swallow-gull' |
エリグロアジサシ (襟黒鯵刺) eri-guro aji-sashi 'black-collared tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber') |
|
Sterna hirundo |
Common tern | Burung Camar 'tern (bird)' Burung Camar Siput 'shell tern (bird)' (24, 25, 26, 28) |
Burung Dara-laut Biasa 'common sea-pigeon (bird)' Burung Dara Laut Biasa 'common sea-pigeon (bird)' (29) |
นกนางนวลแกลบธรรมดา nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep tʰam-ma-daa 'common lesser-tern (bird)' |
Chim Nhàn 'tern (bird)' (12, 13) |
普通燕鸥 (普通燕鷗) 'common swallow-gull' Taiwan: (燕鸥) 燕鷗 'swallow-gull' |
アジサシ (鯵刺) aji-sashi 'tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber') |
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Thalasseus | ||||||||
Latin |
English |
Malaysian |
Other M/I |
Indonesian |
Thai |
Vietnamese |
Chinese (incl. Taiwan) |
Japanese |
Thalasseus bengalensis Sterna bengalensis |
Lesser crested tern Lesser crested-tern Little crested Tern |
Sterna bengalensis: Burung Camar Berjambul Kecil 'small crested-tern (bird)' (25) Burung Camar Kecil Berjambul 'crested large tern (bird)' (24, 26) |
Sterna bengalensis: Burung Dara-laut Benggala 'Bengalese sea-pigeon (bird)' Burung Dara Laut Jambul Kecil 'small crested sea-pigeon (bird)' (29) |
นกนางนวลแกลบหงอนเล็ก nók naaŋ-nuan klàeep ŋŏaan lék 'small crested lesser-gull (bird)' |
Sterna bengalensis: 小凤头燕鸥) (小鳳頭燕鷗) 'little phoenix-headed swallow-gull' |
ベンガルアジサシ (ベンガル鯵刺) bengaru ajisashi 'Bengalese tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber') |
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Thalasseus bernsteini Sterna bernsteini Thalasseus zimmermanni |
Chinese crested tern Chinese crested-tern Chinese lesser crested Tern |
Burung Camar Berjambul Cina 'Chinese crested-tern (bird)' (25) Burung Camar Cina Berjambul 'crested Chinese tern (bird)' (24) |
Burung Dara-laut Cina 'Chinese sea-pigeon (bird)' |
นกนางนวลแกลบจีน nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep ciin 'Chinese lesser-gull (bird)' |
黑嘴端凤头燕鸥 (黑嘴端鳳頭燕鷗) 'black-billed level phoenix-headed swallow-gull' or 黑嘴端燕鸥 (黑嘴端燕鷗) 'black-billed level swallow-gull' (alt in 5) |
ヒガシシナアジサシ (東シナ鯵刺) higashi shina ajisashi 'East China tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber') |
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Thalasseus bergii Sterna bergii |
Greater crested tern Great Crested-tern Crested tern Large crested Tern |
Burung Camar Berjambul Besar 'large crested-tern (bird)' (25) Burung Camar Besar Berjambul 'crested large tern (bird)' (24, 26, 28) |
Burung Camar Besar 'large tern (bird)' (old) |
Burung Dara-laut Jambul 'crested sea-pigeon (bird)' Burung Dara Laut Jambul Besar 'large crested sea-pigeon (bird)' (29) |
นกนางนวลแกลบหงอนใหญ่ nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep ŋŏaan yày 'large crested lesser-gull (bird)' |
Chim Nhàn mào 'crested tern' (12) |
大凤头燕鸥 (大鳳頭燕鷗) 'large phoenix-headed swallow-gull' Taiwan: (凤头燕鸥) 鳳頭燕鷗 'phoenix-headed swallow-gull' |
オオアジサシ (大鯵刺) ō aji-sashi 'large tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber') |
Larus fuscus includes Larus fuscus heuglini. Depending on the taxonomy, many sources list Larus heuglini as a separate species. Names include:
乌黑银鸥
(烏黑銀鷗)
'black silver-gull' (35)
灰林银鸥
(灰林銀鷗)
'Huilin's silver-gull' (huilin literally 'grey forest') (3)
灰林鸥
(灰林鷗)
'Huilin's gull' (huilin literally 'grey forest') (alt in 3)
Larus fuscus includes Larus fuscus heuglini. Internet sources propose the following as names for Larus heuglini:
(灰林银鸥)
灰林銀鷗
'Huilin's silver-gull' (huilin literally 'grey forest')
(灰林银鸥)
灰林銀鷗
'Huilin's silver-gull' (huilin literally 'grey forest')
Larus fuscus includes Larus fuscus heuglini. Some Internet sources propose the following for Larus heuglini:
ホイグリンカモメ
(ホイグリン鴎)
hoigurin kamome
'Heuglin's gull'
Larus fuscus includes Larus fuscus heuglini. As an independent species the following name is given for Larus heuglini:
Chim Mòng biển Heuglin
'Heuglin's sea gull (bird)' (33)
Larus fuscus includes Larus fuscus heuglini. As an independent species the following name is given for Larus heuglini:
นกนางนวลหลังดำพันธุ์รัสเซีย
nók naaŋ-nuan lăŋ-dam pʰan rát-sia
'Russian species black-backed gull (bird)'
Larus fuscus includes Larus fuscus heuglini. The following name clearly applies to Larus heuglini:
Burung Camar Heuglin
'Heuglin's tern (bird)' (25)
In classing the Asian herring gulls as Larus smithsonianus (with subspecies L. s. vegae and L. s. mongolicus), Howard and Moore run counter to every existing Chinese naming system. Very few sources even have a name for Larus smithsonianus. Here we've adopted Larus argentatus as per traditional naming. More recent sources give names for L. vegae and L. mongolicus. They include:
Larus vegae:
西伯利亚银鸥
(西伯利亞銀鷗)
'Siberian silver-gull' (2), (4), (35)
织女银鸥
(織女銀鷗)
'weaving girl (=Vega) silver-gull' (3)
织女鸥
(織女鷗)
'weaving girl gull' (alt in 3)
Larus mongolicus:
红脚银鸥
(紅腳銀鷗)
'red-legged silver-gull' (7)
蒙古银鸥
(蒙古銀鷗)
'Mongolian silver-gull' (35)
In classing the Asian herring gulls as Larus smithsonianus (with subspecies L. s. vegae and L. s. mongolicus), Howard and Moore run counter to the existing Taiwanese naming system. As of 2014, the Chinese Wild Bird Federation still lists Larus argentatus as the relevant species occuring in Taiwan. For L. vegae, some Internet sites propose the following name:
Larus vegae:
(织女银鸥)
織女銀鷗
'weaving girl (=Vega) silver-gull'
In classing the Asian herring gulls as Larus smithsonianus (with subspecies L. s. vegae and L. s. mongolicus), Howard and Moore run counter to the existing Japanese naming system. Here we use the original naming for L. argentatus. Subspecies are as follows:
Larus argentatus vegae:
セグロカモメ
(背黒鴎)
se-guro kamome
'black-backed gull'
Larus argentatus smithsonianus:
アメリカセグロカモメ
(アメリカ背黒鴎)
amerika se-guro kamome
'American black-backed gull'
H. Hiraizumi's Birding Page: 日本産鳥類目録改訂第7版(日本鳥学会,2012)
Mostly from Robinson (& Chasen) 1927-1939 v1-4; additions from Madoc 1947 (et.seq.), and Glenister 1951 (both mostly names copied from Robinson)
Per (25), the Malaysian specimens previously labelled and named as Sterna saundersi are actually Sterna albrifrons.
The presence of Sterna aleutica in Malaysia is subject to dispute
The white crown is thought to resemble the shaven-bald head of a haji, an Islamic pilgrim
The presence of Anous minutus in Malaysia is from a single record in 1856 which is subject to dispute
The bill of the skimmer is thought to resemble the sheath (or spathe) of a palm blossom, (se)ludang. The same descriptor is also used for a long narrow boat of the same shape.
中国鸟类种和亚种分类名录大全(修订版) 郑作新 著 科学出版社 北京 2000年
A Complete Checklist of Species and Subspecies of the Chinese Birds (Revised Edition) by Cheng Tso-Hsin, Science Press, Beijing 2000
>(2)
中国鸟类分类与分布名录 主编:郑光美 科学出版社 北京 2005年
A Checklist on the Classification and Distribution of the Birds of China Chief editor: Zheng Guangmei, Science Press, Beijing 2005
中国鸟类野外手册(中文版)约翰・马敬能、卡伦・菲利普斯,合作者:荷芬奇,翻译:卢和芬 湖南教育出版社 长沙 2000年
A Field Guide to the Birds of China (Chinese translation) by John MacKinnon, Karen Phillipps, in collaboration with He Fen-qi, translated by Lu Hefen, Hunan Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Hunan Educational Press) Changsha 2000
世界鸟类分类与分布名录 主编:郑光美 科学出版社 北京 2002年
A Checklist on the Classification and Distribution of the Birds of the World Chief editor: Zheng Guangmei, Science Press, Beijing 2002
世界鸟类名称(拉丁文、汉文、英文对照)第二版 郑作新等 科学出版社 北京 2002年
Birds of the World (Latin, Chinese and English Names) 2nd ed. by Cheng Tso-Hsin et al, Science Press, Beijing 2002
中国鸟类分布名录 第二版 郑作新 科学出版社 北京 1976年
(Checklist of the Classification of Birds of China 2nd edition by Cheng Tso-Hsin, Science Press, Beijing 1976)
Pocket Checklist of the Birds of the Republic of Singapore / Senai Jenis-Jenis Burung di Singapura / 新加坡野鸟目录 by Lim Kim Seng Nature Society (Singapore) 1999
Danh Lục Chim Việt Nam (In lần thứ hai) (Checklist of the Birds of Vietnam) Võ Quý, Nguyễn Cử, Nhà Xuất Bản Nông Nghiệp, Hà Nội 1999
Chim Việt Nam Nguyễn Cử, Lê Trọng Trải, Karen Phillipps; Nhà Xuất Bản Lao Động - Xã Hội, 2000
A guide to the Birds of Thailand by Lekagul, Boonsong and Philip D. Round, Saha Karn Bhaet Co., Ltd., Bangkok 1991
Check-list of Thai Birds Round, Philip D., Bird Conservation Society of Thailand, Bangkok 2008. Draft version downloaded from the site of the Bird Conservation Society of Thailand in 2009 but no longer posted there, an expanded update of the species included in Lekagul & Round 1991
Senarai Nama-nama Burung Semenanjung Malaysia dan Asia Tenggara by Ismail, Abdul Rahman, Perhilitan (Jabatam Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara, Semenanjung Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur 1981 br> (List of the Names of Birds of Peninsular Malaysia and Southeast Asia by Ismail, Abdul Rahman, Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 1981
Previously online version of: Senarai Nama-nama Burung Semenanjung Malaysia dan Asia Tenggara by Ismail, Abdul Rahman, Perhilitan (Jabatam Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara, Semenanjung Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur 1981
List of the Names of Birds of Peninsular Malaysia and Southeast Asia by Ismail, Abdul Rahman, Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 1981
The Birds of the Thai-Malay Peninsula: Vol. 1 - Non-passerines by Wells, David R., Academic Press, London 1999
A Field Guide to the Birds of West Malaysia and Singapore by Jeyarajasingam, Allen and Alan Pearson, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1999
A Field Guide to the Birds of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore (second edition) by Jeyarajasingham, Allen, Illustrations by Alan Pearson, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012
A Field Guide to the Birds of Java and Bali (second edition) by MacKinnon, John, Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta 1990
Danh Lục Các Loài Chim ở Việt Nam (Latinh, Việt, Pháp, Hán) Trần Văn Chánh 2008-2009
中国观鸟年报-中国鸟类名录 1.1 (The CBR Checklist of Birds of China v1.1)中国观鸟年报 (China Bird Review), 2010 ()