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Laridae
วงศ์นกนางนวล
woŋ nók naaŋ-nuan

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ōu kē

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kamome ka

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General

Information is from dictionaries and other sources. Comments and corrections welcome. Hover over Green Lettering Green lettering at this site hides a tool tip with glosses, further explanations, etc. Hover cursor to reveal. to see additional information.

Prior to the strong influence of ornithological naming, นกนางนวล nók naaŋ-nuan collectively referred to all species of terns and gulls without differentiation. The name is a combination of นวล nuan, a colour term meaning 'soft, pale, or light coloured; cream or ivory coloured, etc.' together with an old wildlife prefix นาง- naaŋ-.

In all of Southeast Asia, terns are much more common than gulls, and it is possible that the primary referent for นกนางนวล nók naaŋ-nuan was originally 'tern'. As late as (18), fifteen species of tern were reported and only a single species of gull (which was named as 'large'). The joint influence of Western languages and scientific taxonomy have focused the modern primary meaning of นกนางนวล nók naaŋ-nuan as 'gull' (Larinae), although 'tern' is still included in all dictionary definitions.

As a result, the Sterninae terns have been differentiated as นกนางนวลแกลบ nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep, intended as 'lesser gull'. (The ornithological meaning of แกลบ klàeep is 'lesser', but generally it means 'something light in weight and easily blown by the wind, e.g. chaff, tissue paper, etc.'.)

The Rychopinae skimmers are known by the separate name of นกกรีดน้ำ nók krìit-náam 'water-cutter (bird)'.

In (22, 23) the three subfamilies of the H&M 3 Laridae have been promoted to family rank with the following family names:

Rhynchopidae วงศ์นกกรีดน้ำ woŋ nók krìit-náam 'skimmer family'.

Sternidae วงศ์นกน็อดดีและนกนางนวลแกลบ woŋ nók nóat-dii láe nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep 'noddy and tern family'.

Laridae วงศ์นกนางนวล woŋ nók naaŋ-nuan 'gull family'.

Note

With the breakup of the Larus argentatus (Herring Gull) complex, it is difficult to get clear information on the distribution or naming of species. The original naming of the Herring Gull is as follows:

Latin
English/French
Thai
Malaysian
Vietnamese
Chinese
Japanese
Larus argentatus
Herring Gull นกนางนวลแฮร์ริ่ง
nók naaŋ-nuan haee-rîŋ
'herring gull (bird)' (haee-rîng from English 'herring') (20, 20a)
Burung Camar Melaka
'Malaccan tern (bird)' (24)
Chim Mòng bể chân vàng
'yellow-legged sea gull (bird)'
›Taxonomy‹
银鸥
(銀鷗)
yín-ōu
'silver-gull'
Taiwan:
(黑脊鸥)
黑脊鷗
hēi-jǐ ōu
'black-spined gull'
セグロカモメ
(背黒鴎)
se-guro kamome
'black-backed gull'

In the species table below, the species occurring in Thailand are treated as Larus fuscus (L. f. heuglini) and L. smithsonianus (L. s. mongolicus).

Species names

› ABOUT THIS TABLE‹
ANOINAE
SCIENTIFIC & WESTERN
THAI
OTHER S. E. ASIAN
EAST ASIAN
Anous
Latin
English
Thai
Other Th
Malaysian
Indonesian
Vietnamese
Chinese
Japanese
Anous stolidus
link to photolink to photo
Brown noddy
Common noddy
Noddy Tern
นกน็อดดี
nók nóat-dii
'noddy (bird)' (nóat-dii from English 'noddy')
นกน็อดดี้
nók nóat-dîi
'noddy (bird)' (nóat-dîi from English 'noddy') (20, 20a)
นกนอดดี
nók nôaat-dii
'noddy (bird)' (nôaat-dii from English 'noddy') (21)
นกนอดดี้
nók nôaat-dîi
'noddy (bird)' (nôaat-dîi from English 'noddy') (18, 19)
Burung Camar Angguk
'nodding tern (bird)' (24, 25, 26, 28)
Burung Camar-angguk Coklat
'brown nodding-tern (bird)'
Burung Camar-angguk Hitam Besar
'large black sea-pigeon (bird)' (29)
Chim Nhàn đầu xám
'grey-headed tern (bird)' (12, 34)
白顶玄鸥
(白頂玄鷗)
bái-dǐng xuán-ōu
'white-headed dark-gull' (1, 3, 36)
白顶玄燕鸥
(白頂玄燕鷗)
bái-dǐng xuán-yàn-ōu
'white-headed dark swallow-gull' (2, 4, 5)
Taiwan:
(玄燕鸥)
玄燕鷗
xuán-yàn-ōu
'dark swallow-gull'
クロアジサシ
(黒鯵刺)
kuro aji-sashi
'black tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber')
 
RYNCHOPINAE
SCIENTIFIC & WESTERN
THAI
OTHER S. E. ASIAN
EAST ASIAN
Rynchops
Latin
English
Thai
Other Th
Malaysian
Indonesian
Vietnamese
Chinese
Japanese
Rynchops albicollis
link to photolink to photo
Indian skimmer นกกรีดน้ำ
nók krìit-náam
'water-cutter (bird)'
  Burung Seludang India
'Indian Indian spathe[-billed] bird' (24)
  Chim Xúc cá
'scoop-fish bird' (12)
剪嘴鸥
(剪嘴鷗)
jiǎn-zuǐ-ōu
'scissor-billed gull'
or
白领剪嘴鸥
(白領剪嘴鷗)
bái-lǐng jiǎn-zuǐ-ōu
'white-collared scissor-billed gull' (alt in 5)
シロエリハサミアジサシ
(白襟鋏鯵刺)
shiro-eri hasami aji-sashi
'white-collared scissor tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber')
 
LARINAE
SCIENTIFIC & WESTERN
THAI
OTHER S. E. ASIAN
EAST ASIAN
Rissa
Latin
English
Thai
Other Th
Malaysian
Indonesian
Vietnamese
Chinese
Japanese
Rissa tridactyla
Larus tridactylus
link to photolink to photo
Black-legged kittiwake
Kittiwake
นกคิตติเวกขาดำ
nók kʰít-tì-wêek kʰăa-dam
'black-legged kittiwake-bird' (from English 'kittiwake')
        三趾鸥
(三趾鷗)
sān-zhǐ ōu
'three-toed gull'
ミツユビカモメ
(三つ趾鴎)
mitsu-yubi kamome
'three-toed gull'
Chroicocephalus
Latin
English
Thai
Other Th
Malaysian
Indonesian
Vietnamese
Chinese
Japanese
Chroicocephalus genei
Larus genei
link to photolink to photo
Slender-billed gull นกนางนวลปากเรียว
nók naaŋ-nuan pàak-riaw
'slender-billed gull'
        Larus genei:
细嘴鸥
(細嘴鷗)
xì-zuǐ ōu
'slender-billed gull'
Larus genei:
ハシボソカモメ
(嘴細鴎)
hashi-boso kamome
'slender-billed gull'
Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus
Larus brunnicephalus
link to photolink to photo
Brown-headed gull
Indian black-headed gull
นกนางนวลธรรมดา
nók naaŋ-nuan tʰam-ma-daa
'common gull (bird)'
นกนางนวลหัวสีน้ำตาล
nók naaŋ-nuan hŭa-sĭi-nám-taan
'brown-headed gull (bird)' (alt in 21)
นกนางนวล
nók naaŋ-nuan
'gull (bird)' (18)
นกนางนวลใหญ่
nók naaŋ-nuan yày
'large gull (bird)' (18)
Larus brunnicephalus:
Burung Camar Topeng Coklat
'brown-masked tern (bird)' (26, 28)
Burung Camar Kepala Coklat
'brown-headed tern (bird)' (24, 25)
Larus brunnicephalus:
Burung Camar Kepala-coklat
'brown-headed tern (bird)'
Larus brunnicephalus:
Chim Mòng bể đầu nâu
'brown-headed sea gull (bird)' (12, 13, 34)
Larus brunnicephalus:
棕头鸥
(棕頭鷗)
zōng-tóu ōu
'reddishbrown-headed gull'
Taiwan:
Larus brunnicephalus:
Larus brunnicephalus:
(棕头鸥)
棕頭鷗
zōng-tóu ōu
'reddishbrown-headed gull'
Larus brunnicephalus:
チャガシラカモメ
(茶頭鴎)
cha-gashira kamome
'brown-headed gull'
Chroicocephalus ridibundis
Larus ridibundis
link to photo
Black-headed Gull
Common Black-headed Gull
นกนางนวลขอบปีกขาว
nók naaŋ-nuan kʰòaap-pìik kʰăaw
'white-border-winged gull (bird)'
  Larus ridibundis:
Burung Camar Topeng Hitam
'black-masked tern (bird)' (26, 28)
Burung Camar Kepala Hitam
'black-headed tern (bird)' (24, 25)
Larus ridibundis:
Burung Camar Kepala-hitam
'black-headed tern (bird)'
Larus ridibundis:
Chim Mòng bể
'sea gull (bird)' (12, 34)
Larus ridibundis:
红嘴鸥
(紅嘴鷗)
hóng-zuǐ ōu
'red-billed gull'
Taiwan:
Larus ridibundis:
Larus ridibundis:
(红嘴鸥)
紅嘴鷗
hóng-zuǐ ōu
'red-billed gull'
Larus ridibundis:
ユリカモメ
(百合鴎)
yuri kamome
'lily gull'
Hydrocoloeus
Latin
English
Thai
Other Th
Malaysian
Indonesian
Vietnamese
Chinese
Japanese
Hydrocoloeus minutus
Larus minutus
link to photolink to photo
Little gull นกนางนวลเล็ก
nók naaŋ-nuan lék
'small gull'
        Larus minutus:
小鸥
(小鷗)
xiǎo-ōu
'little gull'
Larus minutus:
ヒメカモメ
(姫鴎)
hime kamome
'princess gull'
Ichthyaetus
Latin
English
Thai
Other Th
Malaysian
Indonesian
Vietnamese
Chinese
Japanese
Ichthyaetus hemprichii
Larus hemprichii
Sooty gull นกนางนวลสีเทาดำ
nók naaŋ-nuan sĭi-tʰaw-dam
'black-grey gull (bird)'
        Larus hemprichii:
白领鸥
(白領鷗)
bái-lǐng ōu
'white-collared gull' (4)
烟黑鸥
(煙黑鷗)
yān-hēi ōu
'smoke-black gull' (5)
Larus hemprichii:
ススケカモメ
(煤け鴎)
susuke-kamome
'soot gull'
Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus
Larus ichthyaetus
link to photolink to photolink to photo
Pallas's Gull
or
Great Black-headed Gull
นกนางนวลหัวดำใหญ่
nók naaŋ-nuan hŭa-dam yày
'large black-headed gull (bird)'
  Larus ichthyaetus:
Burung Camar Kepala Hitam Besar
'large black-headed tern (bird)' (24)
  Larus ichthyaetus:
Chim Mòng bể đầu đen lớn
'large black-headed sea gull (bird)' (12)
Larus ichthyaetus:
渔鸥
(漁鷗)
yú-ōu
'fishing gull'
Taiwan:
Larus ichthyaetus:
(渔鸥)
漁鷗 yú-ōu
'fishing gull'
Larus ichthyaetus:
オオズグロカモメ
(大頭黒鴎)
ō zu-guro kamome
'large black-headed gull'
Larus
Latin
English
Thai
Other Th
Malaysian
Indonesian
Vietnamese
Chinese
Japanese
Larus crassirostris
link to photolink to photolink to photo
Black-tailed gull
Japanese gull
นกนางนวลหางดำ
nók naaŋ-nuan hăaŋ-dam
'black-tailed gull (bird)'
  Burung Camar Ekor Hitam
'black-tailed tern (bird)' (24)
  Chim Mòng bể đuôi đen
'black-tailed sea gull (bird)' (12, 13)
黑尾鸥
(黑尾鷗)
hēi-wěi ōu
'black-tailed gull'
Taiwan:
(黑尾鸥)
黑尾鷗
hēi-wěi ōu
'black-tailed gull'
ウミネコ
(海猫)
umi-neko
'sea cat'
Larus canus
link to photolink to photolink to photo
Mew gull
Common gull
นกนางนวลปากเหลือง
nók naaŋ-nuan pàak-lĕuaŋ
'yellow-billed gull (bird)'
  Burung Camar Balai'balai tern (bird)' (24)   Chim Mòng bể đầu trắng
'white-headed sea gull (bird)' (12, 34)
海鸥
(海鷗)
hǎi ōu
'sea gull (bird)'
Taiwan:
(海鸥)
海鷗
hǎi ōu
'sea gull (bird)'
カモメ
()
kamome
'gull'
Larus fuscus
link to photo
Lesser black-backed gull นกนางนวลหลังดำเล็ก
nók naaŋ-nuan lăŋ-dam lék
'small black-backed gull (bird)'
›Taxonomy‹
  Burung Camar Cina
'Chinese tern (bird)' (28)
›Taxonomy‹
  Chim Mòng bể chân vàng
'yellow-legged sea gull (bird)'
(13)
›Taxonomy‹
小黑背银鸥
(小黑背銀鷗)
xiǎo hēi-bèi yín-ōu
'silver-gull' (2, 5)
›Taxonomy‹
Taiwan:
(小黑背鸥)
小黑背鷗
xiǎo hēi-bèi yín-ōu
'silver-gull'
›Taxonomy‹
ニシセグロカモメ
(西背黒鴎)
nishi se-guro kamome
'western black-backed gull'
›Taxonomy‹
Larus smithsonianus American Herring Gull Larus mongolicus:
นกนางนวลพันธุ์มองโกเลีย
nók naaŋ-nuan pʰan moaaŋ-koo-lia
'Mongolian species gull (bird)'
นกนางนวลแฮร์ริ่ง
nók naaŋ-nuan haee-rîŋ
'herring gull (bird)' (haee-rîng from English 'herring') (20, 20a)
นกนางนวลเฮอริง
nók naaŋ-nuan heuu-riŋ
'herring gull (bird)' (heuu-riŋ from English 'herring') (21)
      Larus argentatus:
银鸥
(銀鷗)
yín-ōu
'silver-gull'
›Taxonomy‹
Larus argentatus:
セグロカモメ
(背黒鴎)
se-guro kamome
'black-backed gull'
›Taxonomy‹
Larus schistisagus
link to photolink to photolink to photo
Slaty-backed gull นกนางนวลหลังเทา
nók naaŋ-nuan lăŋ-tʰaw
'grey-backed gull'
  Burung Camar Hinggap 'alighting tern (bird)' (24)     灰背鸥
(灰背鷗)
huī-bèi ōu
'grey-backed gull'
オオセグロカモメ
(大背黒鴎)
ō se-guro kamome
'large black-backed gull'
 
STERNINAE
SCIENTIFIC & WESTERN
THAI
OTHER S. E. ASIAN
EAST ASIAN
Onychoprion
Latin
English
Thai
Other Th
Malaysian
Indonesian
Vietnamese
Chinese
Japanese
Onychoprion fuscatus
Sterna fuscata
link to photo
Sooty Tern นกนางนวลแกลบดำ
nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep dam
'black lesser-gull (bird)'
  Sterna fuscata:
Burung Camar Angin
'wind tern (bird)'(24, 25, 26, 28)
Sterna fuscata:
Burung Dara-laut Sayap-hitam
'black-winged sea-pigeon (bird)'
Burung Dara Laut Sayap Hitam
'black-winged sea-pigeon (bird)' (29)
Sterna fuscata (12, 13):
Chim Nhàn nâu
'brown tern (bird)' (12, 13, 34)
Sterna fuscata:
乌燕鸥
(烏燕鷗)
wū yàn-ōu
'dark swallow-gull'
Taiwan:
Sterna fuscata:
(乌领燕鸥)
烏領燕鷗
wū-lǐng yàn-ōu
'dark-collared swallow-gull'
Sterna fuscata:
セグロアジサシ
(背黒鯵刺)
se-guro aji-sashi
'black-backed tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber')
Onychoprion anaethetus
Onychoprion anethetus
Sterna anaethetus
Bridled tern
Brown-winged Tern
นกนางนวลแกลบคิ้วขาว
nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep kʰíw-kʰăaw
'white-eyebrowed lesser-gull (bird)'
  Sterna anaethetus:
Burung Camar Batu
'rock tern (bird)' (24, 25, 26, 28)
Sterna anaethetus:
Burung Dara-laut Batu
'rock sea-pigeon (bird)'
Burung Dara Laut Sayap Coklat
'brown-winged sea-pigeon (bird)'(29)
Sterna anaethetus:
Chim Nhàn lưng đen
'black-backed tern (bird)' (12, 13)
Sterna anaethetus:
褐翅燕鸥
(褐翅燕鷗)
hè-chì yàn-ōu
'brown-winged swallow-gull'
Taiwan:
Sterna anaethetus:
(白眉燕鸥)
白眉燕鷗
bái-méi yàn-ōu
'white-eyebrowed swallow-gull'
Sterna anaethetus:
マミジロアジサシ
(眉白鯵刺)
mami-jiro aji-sashi
'white-eyebrowed tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber')
Sternula
Latin
English
Thai
Other Th
Malaysian
Indonesian
Vietnamese
Chinese
Japanese
Sternula albifrons
Sterna albifrons
link to photolink to photo
Little Tern นกนางนวลแกลบเล็ก
nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep lék
'small lesser-gull (bird)'
Sterna saundersi:
นกนางนวลแกลบน้ำเค็ม
nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep nám-kʰem
'salt-water lesser-gull (bird)' (21)
Sterna albifrons:
Burung Camar Kecil
'small tern (bird)' (old, 24, 25, 26, 28)
Sterna albifrons:
Burung Dara-laut Kecil
'small sea-pigeon (bird)'
Burung Dara Laut Kecil
'small sea-pigeon (tern)' (29)
Sterna albifrons (12, 13):
Chim Nhàn nhỏ
'small tern (bird)' (12, 13, 34)
Sterna albifrons:
白额燕鸥
(白額燕鷗)
bái-é yàn-ōu
'white-foreheaded swallow-gull'
Taiwan:
Sterna albifrons:
(小燕鸥)
小燕鷗
xiǎo yàn-ōu
'small swallow-gull'
Sterna albifrons:
コアジサシ
(小鯵刺)
ko aji-sashi
'small tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber')
Gelochelidon
Latin
English
Thai
Other Th
Malaysian
Indonesian
Vietnamese
Chinese
Japanese
Gelochelidon nilotica
Sterna nilotica
link to photolink to photo
Gull-billed Tern นกนางนวลแกลบปากหนา
nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep pàak năa
'thick-billed lesser-gull (bird)'
  Burung Camar Tiram
'oyster tern (bird)' (24, 26, 28)
Burung Camar Ketam
'crab tern (bird)' (25) (conflicts with Sterna saundersi)
Burung Dara-laut Tiram
'oyster sea-pigeon (bird)'
Burung Dara-laut Paruh Lebar
'broad-billed sea-pigeon (bird)' (29)
Chim Nhàn chân đen
'black-legged tern' (12, 13, 34)
鸥嘴噪鸥
(鷗嘴噪鷗)
ōu-zuǐ zào-ōu
'gull-billed noisy gull'
Taiwan:
(鸥嘴燕鸥)
鷗嘴燕鷗
ōu-zuǐ yàn-ōu
'gull-billed swallow-gull'
ハシブトアジサシ
(嘴太鯵刺)
hashi-buto aji-sashi
'thick-billed tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber')
Hydroprogne
Latin
English
Thai
Other Th
Malaysian
Indonesian
Vietnamese
Chinese
Japanese
Hydroprogne caspia
Sterna caspia
Hydroprogne tschegrava
link to photolink to photo
Caspian Tern นกนางนวลแกลบแคสเปียน
nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep kʰaee-sà-pĭan
'Caspian lesser-gull (bird)'
  Burung Camar Caspian
'Caspian tern (bird)' (26, 28)
Burung Camar Kaspian
'Caspian tern (bird)' (24)
Burung Camar Kaspia
'Caspian tern (bird)' (25)
Burung Dara-laut Caspia
'Caspian sea-pigeon (bird)'
Sterna caspia (13):
Chim Nhàn Caxpia
'Caspian tern' (12, 13, 34)
红嘴巨鸥
(紅嘴巨鷗)
hóng-zuǐ jù-ōu
'red-billed giant gull'
or
黑海巨鸥
(黑海巨鷗)
hēi-hǎi jù-ōu
'Black Sea giant gull' (alt in 5)
Taiwan:
(里海燕鸥)
裏海燕鷗
lǐ-hǎi yàn-ōu
'inland sea (=Caspian Sea) swallow-gull'
オニアジサシ
(鬼鯵刺)
oni aji-sashi
'ogre tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber')
Chlidonias
Latin
English
Thai
Other Th
Malaysian
Indonesian
Vietnamese
Chinese
Japanese
Chlidonias hybrida
Chlidonias hybridus
Sterna hybrida
link to photolink to photo
Whiskered Tern นกนางนวลแกลบเคราขาว
nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep kʰraw-kʰăaw
'white-whiskered lesser-gull (bird)'
  Burung Camar Bermisai
'moustached tern (bird)' (26, 28)
Burung Camar Batu Berumbai
'fringed rock tern (bird)' (24)
Burung Camar Tasik
'lake tern (bird)' (25)
Burung Dara-laut Kumis
'moustached sea-pigeon (bird)'
Burung Dara Laut Berkumis
'moustached sea-pigeon bird' (29)
Chim Nhàn đen
'black tern (bird)' (12, 13)
须浮鸥
(鬚浮鷗)
xū fú-ōu
'whiskered floating-gull'
Taiwan:
(黑腹燕鸥)
黑腹燕鷗
hēi-fù yàn-ōu
'black-bellied swallow-gull'
クロハラアジサシ
(黒腹鯵刺)
kuro-hara aji-sashi
'black-bellied tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber')
Chlidonias leucopterus
Sterna leucoptera
link to photolink to photo
White-winged Tern
White-winged Black Tern
นกนางนวลแกลบดำปีกขาว
nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep dam pìik-kʰăaw
'white-winged black lesser-gull (bird)'
  Burung Camar Hitam Sayap Putih
'white-winged black tern (bird)' (26, 28)
Burung Camar Kepak Putih
'white-winged tern (bird)' (24)
Burung Camar Bahu Putih
'white-shouldered tern (bird)' (25)
Burung Dara-laut Sayap-putih
'white-winged sea-pigeon (bird)'
Burung Dara Laut Sayap-putih
'white-winged sea-pigeon (bird)'(29)
Chim Nhàn xám
'grey tern (bird)' (12, 13)
白翅浮鸥
(白翅浮鷗)
bái-chì fú-ōu
'white-winged floating-gull'
Taiwan:
(白翅黑燕鸥)
白翅黑燕鷗
bái-chì hēi yàn-ōu
'white-winged black swallow-gull'
ハジロクロハラアジサシ
(羽白黒腹鯵刺)
ha-jiro kuro-hara aji-sashi
'white-winged black-bellied tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber')
Sterna
Latin
English
Thai
Other Th
Malaysian
Indonesian
Vietnamese
Chinese
Japanese
Sterna aurantia
link to photo
River tern
Indian river Tern
นกนางนวลแกลบแม่น้ำ
nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep mâe-náam
'river lesser-gull (bird)'
  Burung Sungai
'river tern (bird)' (24)
    黄嘴河燕鸥)
(黃嘴河燕鷗)
huáng-zuǐ hé yàn-ōu
'yellow-billed river swallow-gull'
カワアジサシ
(河鯵刺)
kawa ajisashi
'river tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber')
Sterna dougalli
link to photolink to photo
Roseate Tern นกนางนวลแกลบสีกุหลาบ
nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep sĭi-kù-làap
'rose lesser-gull (bird)'
  Burung Camar Jambu
'pink tern (bird)' (old, 26, 28)
Burung Camar Berjalur
'striped tern (bird)' (possibly an error) (24)
Burung Camar Molek
'beautiful tern (bird)' (25)
Burung Dara-laut Jambon
'pink sea-pigeon (bird)' (jambon is Javanese form of jambu)
Burung Dara Laut Jambu
'pink sea-pigeon (bird)' (29)
Chim Nhàn hồng
'rosy tern (bird)' (12, 13, 34)
粉红燕鸥
(粉紅燕鷗)
fěn-hóng yàn-ōu
'pink swallow-gull'
Taiwan:
(红燕鸥)
紅燕鷗
hóng yàn-ōu
'red swallow-gull'
ベニアジサシ
(紅鯵刺)
beni aji-sashi
'crimson tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber')
Sterna sumatrana
link to photo
Black-naped Tern นกนางนวลแกลบท้ายทอยดำ
nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep tʰáay-tʰoaay-dam
'black-naped lesser-gull (bird)'
  Burung Camar Tengkuk Hitam
'black-naped tern (bird)' (26, 28)
Burung Camar Topi Hitam
'black-hatted tern (bird)' (24)
Burung Camar Sumatera
'Sumatran tern (bird)' (25)
Burung Dara-laut Tengkuk-hitam
'black-naped sea-pigeon (bird)'
Burung Dara Laut Sumatera
'Sumatran sea-pigeon (bird)' (29)
Chim Nhàn Xumatra
'Sumatran tern (bird)' (12, 13, 34)
黑枕燕鸥
(黑枕燕鷗)
hēi-zhěn yàn-ōu
'black-naped swallow-gull'
Taiwan:
(苍燕鸥)
蒼燕鷗
cāng yàn-ōu
'darkblue swallow-gull'
エリグロアジサシ
(襟黒鯵刺)
eri-guro aji-sashi
'black-collared tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber')
Sterna hirundo
link to photolink to photo
Common Tern นกนางนวลแกลบธรรมดา
nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep tʰam-ma-daa
'common lesser-gull (bird)'
นกนางนวลแกลบทะเล
nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep tʰá-lee
'sea lesser-gull (bird)' (alt in 21)
Burung Camar
'tern (bird)'
Burung Camar Siput
'shell tern (bird)' (24, 25, 26, 28)
Burung Dara-laut Biasa
'common sea-pigeon (bird)'
Burung Dara Laut Biasa
'common sea-pigeon (bird)' (29)
Chim Nhàn
'tern (bird)' (12, 13)
普通燕鸥
(普通燕鷗)
pǔtōng yàn-ōu
'common swallow-gull'
Taiwan:
(燕鸥)
燕鷗
yàn-ōu
'swallow-gull'
アジサシ
(鯵刺)
aji-sashi
'tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber')
Latin
English
Thai
Other Th
Malaysian
Indonesian
Vietnamese
Chinese
Japanese
Sterna acuticauda
Sterna melanogaster
link to photo
Black-bellied Tern นกนางนวลแกลบท้องดำ
nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep tʰóaaŋ-dam
'black-bellied lesser-gull (bird)'
  Burung Camar Paruh Hitam
'black-billed tern (bird)' (24)
  Chim Nhàn bụng đen
'black-bellied tern (bird)' (12, 13, 34)
黑腹燕鸥
(黑腹燕鷗)
hēi-fù yàn-ōu
'black-bellied swallow-gull'
インドアジサシ
(インド鯵刺)
indo aji-sashi
'Indian tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber')
Thalasseus
Latin
English
Thai
Other Th
Malaysian
Indonesian
Vietnamese
Chinese
Japanese
Thalasseus bengalensis
Sterna bengalensis
link to photolink to photo
Lesser crested tern
Lesser crested-tern
Little crested Tern
นกนางนวลแกลบหงอนเล็ก
nók naaŋ-nuan klàeep ŋŏaan lék
'small crested lesser-gull (bird)'
  Sterna bengalensis:
Burung Camar Berjambul Kecil
'small crested-tern (bird)' (25)
Burung Camar Kecil Berjambul
'crested large tern (bird)' (24, 26)
Sterna bengalensis:
Burung Dara-laut Benggala
'Bengalese sea-pigeon (bird)'
Burung Dara Laut Jambul Kecil
'small crested sea-pigeon (bird)' (29)
  Sterna bengalensis:
小凤头燕鸥)
(小鳳頭燕鷗)
xiǎo fèng-tóu yàn-ōu
'little phoenix-headed swallow-gull'
ベンガルアジサシ
(ベンガル鯵刺)
bengaru ajisashi
'Bengalese tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber')
Thalasseus bernsteini
Sterna bernsteini
Thalasseus zimmermanni
link to photo
Chinese crested tern
Chinese crested-tern
Chinese lesser crested Tern
นกนางนวลแกลบจีน
nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep ciin
'Chinese lesser-gull (bird)'
  Burung Camar Berjambul Cina
'Chinese crested-tern (bird)' (25)
Burung Camar Cina Berjambul
'crested Chinese tern (bird)' (24)
Burung Dara-laut Cina
'Chinese sea-pigeon (bird)'
  黑嘴端凤头燕鸥
(黑嘴端鳳頭燕鷗)
hēi-zuǐ duān fèng-tóu yàn-ōu
'black-billed level phoenix-headed swallow-gull'
or
黑嘴端燕鸥
(黑嘴端燕鷗)
hēi-zuǐ duān yàn-ōu
'black-billed level swallow-gull' (alt in 5)
ヒガシシナアジサシ
(東シナ鯵刺)
higashi shina ajisashi
'East China tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber')
Thalasseus bergii
Sterna bergii
link to photolink to photo
Greater crested tern
Great Crested-tern
Crested tern
Large crested Tern
นกนางนวลแกลบหงอนใหญ่
nók naaŋ-nuan-klàeep ŋŏaan yày
'large crested lesser-gull (bird)'
  Burung Camar Berjambul Besar
'large crested-tern (bird)' (25)
Burung Camar Besar Berjambul
'crested large tern (bird)' (24, 26, 28)
Burung Dara-laut Jambul
'crested sea-pigeon (bird)'
Burung Dara Laut Jambul Besar
'large crested sea-pigeon (bird)' (29)
Chim Nhàn mào
'crested tern' (12)
大凤头燕鸥
(大鳳頭燕鷗)
dà fèng-tóu yàn-ōu
'large phoenix-headed swallow-gull'
Taiwan:
(凤头燕鸥)
鳳頭燕鷗
fèng-tóu yàn-ōu
'phoenix-headed swallow-gull'
オオアジサシ
(大鯵刺)
ō aji-sashi
'large tern' (aji-sashi written 'horse-mackerel stabber')

Larus fuscus includes Larus fuscus heuglini. Depending on the taxonomy, many sources list Larus heuglini as a separate species. Names include:
乌黑银鸥
(烏黑銀鷗)
wū-hei yín-ōu
'black silver-gull' (35)
灰林银鸥
(灰林銀鷗)
huī-lín yín ōu
'Huilin's silver-gull' (huilin literally 'grey forest') (3)
灰林鸥
(灰林鷗)
huī-lín ōu
'Huilin's gull' (huilin literally 'grey forest') (alt in 3)

Larus fuscus includes Larus fuscus heuglini. Internet sources propose the following as names for Larus heuglini:
(灰林银鸥)
灰林銀鷗
huī-lín yín ōu
'Huilin's silver-gull' (huilin literally 'grey forest')
(灰林银鸥)
灰林銀鷗
huī-lín yín ōu
'Huilin's silver-gull' (huilin literally 'grey forest')

Larus fuscus includes Larus fuscus heuglini. Some Internet sources propose the following for Larus heuglini:
ホイグリンカモメ
(ホイグリン鴎)
hoigurin kamome
'Heuglin's gull'

Larus fuscus includes Larus fuscus heuglini. As an independent species the following name is given for Larus heuglini:
Chim Mòng biển Heuglin
'Heuglin's sea gull (bird)' (33)

Larus fuscus includes Larus fuscus heuglini. As an independent species the following name is given for Larus heuglini:
นกนางนวลหลังดำพันธุ์รัสเซีย
nók naaŋ-nuan lăŋ-dam pʰan rát-sia
'Russian species black-backed gull (bird)'

Larus fuscus includes Larus fuscus heuglini. The following name clearly applies to Larus heuglini:
Burung Camar Heuglin
'Heuglin's tern (bird)' (25)

In classing the Asian herring gulls as Larus smithsonianus (with subspecies L. s. vegae and L. s. mongolicus), Howard and Moore run counter to every existing Chinese naming system. Very few sources even have a name for Larus smithsonianus. Here we've adopted Larus argentatus as per traditional naming. More recent sources give names for L. vegae and L. mongolicus. They include:
Larus vegae:
西伯利亚银鸥
(西伯利亞銀鷗)
xībólìyà yín-ōu
'Siberian silver-gull' (2), (4), (35)
织女银鸥
(織女銀鷗)
zhī-nǚ yín-ōu
'weaving girl (=Vega) silver-gull' (3)
织女鸥
(織女鷗)
zhī-nǚ ōu
'weaving girl gull' (alt in 3)
Larus mongolicus:
红脚银鸥
(紅腳銀鷗)
hóng-jiǎo yín-ōu
'red-legged silver-gull' (7)
蒙古银鸥
(蒙古銀鷗)
měnggǔ yín-ōu
'Mongolian silver-gull' (35)

In classing the Asian herring gulls as Larus smithsonianus (with subspecies L. s. vegae and L. s. mongolicus), Howard and Moore run counter to the existing Taiwanese naming system. As of 2014, the Chinese Wild Bird Federation still lists Larus argentatus as the relevant species occuring in Taiwan. For L. vegae, some Internet sites propose the following name:
Larus vegae:
(织女银鸥)
織女銀鷗
zhī-nǚ yín-ōu
'weaving girl (=Vega) silver-gull'

In classing the Asian herring gulls as Larus smithsonianus (with subspecies L. s. vegae and L. s. mongolicus), Howard and Moore run counter to the existing Japanese naming system. Here we use the original naming for L. argentatus. Subspecies are as follows:
Larus argentatus vegae:
セグロカモメ
(背黒鴎)
se-guro kamome
'black-backed gull'

Larus argentatus smithsonianus:
アメリカセグロカモメ
(アメリカ背黒鴎)
amerika se-guro kamome
'American black-backed gull'
H. Hiraizumi's Birding Page: 日本産鳥類目録改訂第7版(日本鳥学会,2012)

Mostly from Robinson (& Chasen) 1927-1939 v1-4; additions from Madoc 1947 (et.seq.), and Glenister 1951 (both mostly names copied from Robinson)

Per (25), the Malaysian specimens previously labeled and named as Sterna saundersi are actually Sterna albrifrons.

The presence of Sterna aleutica in Malaysia is subject to dispute

The white crown is thought to resemble the shaven-bald head of a haji, an Islamic pilgrim

The presence of Anous minutus in Malaysia is from a single record in 1856 which is subject to dispute

The bill of the skimmer is thought to resemble the sheath (or spathe) of a palm blossom, (se)ludang. The same descriptor is also used for a long narrow boat of the same shape.

中国鸟类种和亚种分类名录大全(修订版) 郑作新 著 科学出版社 北京 2000年
A Complete Checklist of Species and Subspecies of the Chinese Birds (Revised Edition) by Cheng Tso-Hsin, Science Press, Beijing 2000

中国鸟类分类与分布名录 主编:郑光美 科学出版社 北京 2005年
A Checklist on the Classification and Distribution of the Birds of China Chief editor: Zheng Guangmei, Science Press, Beijing 2005

中国鸟类野外手册(中文版)约翰・马敬能、卡伦・菲利普斯,合作者:荷芬奇,翻译:卢和芬 湖南教育出版社 长沙 2000年
A Field Guide to the Birds of China (Chinese translation) by John MacKinnon, Karen Phillipps, in collaboration with He Fen-qi, translated by Lu Hefen, Hunan Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Hunan Educational Press) Changsha 2000

世界鸟类分类与分布名录 主编:郑光美 科学出版社 北京 2002年
A Checklist on the Classification and Distribution of the Birds of the World Chief editor: Zheng Guangmei, Science Press, Beijing 2002

世界鸟类名称(拉丁文、汉文、英文对照)第二版 郑作新等 科学出版社 北京 2002年
Birds of the World (Latin, Chinese and English Names) 2nd ed. by Cheng Tso-Hsin et al, Science Press, Beijing 2002

中国鸟类分布名录 第二版 郑作新 科学出版社 北京 1976年
(Checklist of the Classification of Birds of China 2nd edition by Cheng Tso-Hsin, Science Press, Beijing 1976)

香港及華南鳥類(第六版)(翻譯成中文及重新修訂) 尹璉、費嘉倫、林超英 香港性徵特區政府新聞處政府印務局 1994年
Birds of Hong Kong and South China (6th edition, translated into Chinese and newly revised) by Clive Viney, Karen Phillipps, Lin Chaoying, Hong Kong Govt. Press 1994

Pocket Checklist of the Birds of the Republic of Singapore / Senai Jenis-Jenis Burung di Singapura / 新加坡野鸟目录 by Lim Kim Seng Nature Society (Singapore) 1999

Danh Lục Chim Việt Nam (In lần thứ hai) (Checklist of the Birds of Vietnam) Võ Quý, Nguyễn Cử, Nhà Xuất Bản Nông Nghiệp, Hà Nội 1999

Chim Việt Nam Nguyễn Cử, Lê Trọng Trải, Karen Phillipps; Nhà Xuất Bản Lao Động - Xã Hội, 2000

Bird Guide of Thailand by Lekagul, Boonsong, Ramin Press, Bangkok 1968

Bird Guide of Thailand 2nd edition by Lekagul, Boonsong and Edward W. Cronin, Jr., Kurusapa Ladprao Press, Bangkok 1974

A guide to the Birds of Thailand by Lekagul, Boonsong and Philip D. Round, Saha Karn Bhaet Co., Ltd., Bangkok 1991

Check-list of Thai Birds Round, Philip D., Bird Conservation Society of Thailand, Bangkok 2008. Draft version downloaded from the site of the Bird Conservation Society of Thailand in 2009 but no longer posted there, an expanded update of the species included in Lekagul & Round 1991

นกในเมืองไทย (Birds in Thailand) by รศ. โอภาส ขอบเขตต์ (Assoc. Prof. Obhas Khobkhet), Sarakadee Press, Bangkok 1998

นกเมืองไทย (Birds [of] Thailand) by จารุจินต์ นภีตะภัฏ, กานต์ เลขะกุล, วัชระ สงวนสมบติ (Jarujin Nabhitabata, Karn Lekagul, Wachara Sanguansombat), คณะบุคคล นายแพทย์ บุญส่ง เลขะกุล (Dr Boonsong Lekagul Group), Bangkok 2007

นกเมืองไทย (Birds [of] Thailand) by จารุจินต์ นภีตะภัฏ, กานต์ เลขะกุล, วัชระ สงวนสมบติ (Jarujin Nabhitabata, Karn Lekagul, Wachara Sanguansombat), คณะบุคคล นายแพทย์ บุญส่ง เลขะกุล (Dr Boonsong Lekagul Group), Bangkok 2012

Senarai Nama-nama Burung Semenanjung Malaysia dan Asia Tenggara by Ismail, Abdul Rahman, Perhilitan (Jabatam Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara, Semenanjung Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur 1981
(List of the Names of Birds of Peninsular Malaysia and Southeast Asia by Ismail, Abdul Rahman, Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 1981)

Previously online version of: Senarai Nama-nama Burung Semenanjung Malaysia dan Asia Tenggara by Ismail, Abdul Rahman, Perhilitan (Jabatam Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara, Semenanjung Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur 1981
List of the Names of Birds of Peninsular Malaysia and Southeast Asia by Ismail, Abdul Rahman, Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 1981

The Birds of the Thai-Malay Peninsula: Vol. 1 - Non-passerines by Wells, David R., Academic Press, London 1999

A Field Guide to the Birds of West Malaysia and Singapore by Jeyarajasingam, Allen and Alan Pearson, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1999

The Birds of the Thai-Malay Peninsula: Vol. 2 - Passerines by Wells, David R., Christopher Helm, A&C Black, London 2007

A Field Guide to the Birds of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore (second edition) by Jeyarajasingham, Allen, Illustrations by Alan Pearson, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012

A Field Guide to the Birds of Java and Bali (second edition) by MacKinnon, John, Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta 1990

Danh Lục Các Loài Chim ở Việt Nam (Latinh, Việt, Pháp, Hán) Trần Văn Chánh 2008-2009

中国观鸟年报-中国鸟类名录 1.1 (The CBR Checklist of Birds of China v1.1)中国观鸟年报 (China Bird Review), 2010 ()