General
Information is from dictionaries and other sources. Comments and corrections welcome. All Malaysian and Indonesian names in the process of conversion into modernised spelling only. Hover over Green Lettering Green lettering at this site hides a tool tip with glosses, further explanations, etc. Hover cursor to reveal. to see additional information.
The Malaysian naming of the starlings and mynas closely mirrors that of English. However, scientific and popular classifications have changed several times in recent years and the H&M4 subfamilies Sturninae and Mainatinae no longer form a good correlation with the traditional names in either English or Malaysian.
1. Burung Perling is used for all species known as 'starling' in English.
2. Burung Tiok is used for all species known as 'myna' in English. This covers the genera Acridotheres, Gracula, and Ampeliceps.
Indonesian names
Indonesian ornithological names are assigned by genus. For those species occurring in Malaysia, this includes:
1. Burung Jalak is used for the genus Agropsar (formerly all Sturnus).
2. Burung Kerak is used for the genus Acridotheres.
3. Burung Tiok, which in Malaysian ornithological naming is a general name for the mynas, is confined to the genus Gracula, the most common cage bird among the mynas.
4. Burung Perling, which in Malaysian ornithological naming is a general name for the starlings, is confined in Indonesian usage to the genus Aplonis of glossy starlings.
Species names
STURNINAE | ||||||||
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SCIENTIFIC & WESTERN |
MALAY |
OTHER S. E. ASIAN |
EAST ASIAN |
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Pastor | ||||||||
Latin |
English |
Malaysian |
Other M |
Indonesian |
Thai |
Vietnamese |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Pastor roseus Sturnus roseus |
Rosy starling Rose-coloured starling |
Burung Perling Hitam-Ros 'rosy (&) black starling (bird)' (27) |
นกกิ้งโครงสีกุหลาบ nók kîŋ-kʰrooŋ sĭi-kù-làap 'rose starling (bird)' |
Chim Sáo hồng 'rosy starling (bird)' (13) |
粉红椋鸟 (粉紅椋鳥) 'pink dogwood-bird' Taiwan: (粉红椋鸟) 粉紅椋鳥 'pink dogwood-bird' |
バライロムクドリ (薔薇色椋鳥) bara-iro muku-dori 'rose-coloured muku-bird' |
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Agropsar | ||||||||
Latin |
English |
Malaysian |
Other M |
Indonesian |
Thai |
Vietnamese |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Agropsar sturninus Sturnus sturninus Sturnia sturnina |
Purple-backed starling or Daurian starling |
Burung Perling Belakang Ungu 'purple-backed starling (bird)' (24, 26, 27) |
Burung Jalak Cina 'Chinese starling (bird)' |
นกกิ้งโครงแกลบหลังม่วงดำ nók kîŋ-kʰrooŋ klàeep lăŋ-mûaŋ-dam 'black-purple-backed lesser-starling (bird)' |
Sturnia sturnina (34): Chim Sáo đá lưng đen 'black-backed rock starling (bird)' (12, 13, 34) |
北椋鸟 (北椋鳥) 'northern dogwood-bird' Taiwan: (北椋鸟) 北椋鳥 'northern dogwood-bird' |
シベリアムクドリ (シベリア椋鳥) shiberia muku-dori 'Siberian muku-bird' |
|
Agropsar philippensis Sturnus philippensis Sturnia philippensis |
Chestnut-cheeked starling Violet-backed starling |
Burung Perling Pipi Perang 'auburn-cheeked starling (bird)' (26, 27) |
Burung Jalak Filipina 'Philippine starling (bird)' |
นกกิ้งโครงแกลบแก้มสีน้ำตาลแดง nók kîŋ-kʰrooŋ klàeep kâeem-sĭi-nám-taan-daeeŋ 'red-brown-cheeked lesser-starling (bird)' |
紫背椋鸟 (紫背椋鳥) 'purple-backed dogwood-bird' Taiwan: (小椋鸟) 小椋鳥 'small dogwood-bird' |
コムクドリ (小椋鳥) ko muku-dori 'small muku-bird' |
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Gracupica | ||||||||
Latin |
English |
Malaysian |
Other M |
Indonesian |
Thai |
Vietnamese |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Gracupica nigricollis Sturnus nigricollis |
Black-collared starling Black-necked starling |
Burung Perling Leher Hitam 'black-necked starling (bird)' (27) |
นกกิ้งโครงคอดำ nók kîŋ-kʰrooŋ kʰoaa-dam 'black-necked starling (bird)' |
Chim Sáo sậu 'sậu starling (bird)' (12, 13) |
黑领椋鸟 (黑領椋鳥) 'black-collared dogwood-bird' Taiwan: (黑领椋鸟) 黑領椋鳥 'black-collared dogwood-bird' |
クビワムクドリ (首輪椋鳥) kubi-wa muku-dori 'ring-necked muku-bird' |
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Sturnia | ||||||||
Latin |
English |
Malaysian |
Other M |
Indonesian |
Thai |
Vietnamese |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Sturnia sinensis Sturnus sinensis |
White-shouldered starling Chinese starling Grey-backed starling |
Burung Perling Bahu Putih 'white-shouldered starling (bird)' (24, 26, 27) |
นกกิ้งโครงแกลบปีกขาว nók kîŋ-kʰrooŋ klàeep pìik-kʰăaw 'white-winged lesser-starling (bird)' |
Sturnia sinensis (34): Chim Sáo đá Trung Quốc 'Chinese rock starling (bird)' (12, 13, 34) |
灰背椋鸟 (灰背椋鳥) 'grey-backed dogwood-bird' Taiwan: (灰背椋鸟) 灰背椋鳥 'grey-backed dogwood-bird' |
カラムクドリ (唐椋鳥) kara muku-dori 'Chinese muku-bird' |
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Sturnia malabarica Sturnus malabaricus |
Chestnut-tailed starling Ashy-headed starling Grey-headed starling |
Burung Perling Ekor Perang 'auburn-tailed starling (bird)' (27) |
นกกิ้งโครงแกลบหัวเทา nók kîŋ-kʰrooŋ klàeep hŭa-tʰaw 'grey-headed lesser-starling (bird)' |
Chim Sáo đá đuôi hung 'reddish-tailed rock starling (bird)' (12) |
灰头椋鸟 (灰頭椋鳥) 'grey-headed dogwood-bird' Taiwan: (灰头椋鸟) 灰頭椋鳥 'grey-headed dogwood-bird' (introduced) |
インドコムクドリ (インド小椋鳥) indo ko muku-dori 'Indian small muku-bird' |
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Acridotheres | ||||||||
Latin |
English |
Malaysian |
Other M |
Indonesian |
Thai |
Vietnamese |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Acridotheres tristis |
Common myna Common myna House myna |
Burung Tiong Gembala Kerbau 'waterbuffalo herdsman myna (bird)' (24, 26) Burung Tiong Rumah 'house myna (bird)' (27) |
Burung Gembala Kerbau 'waterbuffalo herdsman (bird)' (Wikipedia) |
นกเอี้ยงสาริกา nók îaŋ săa-rí-kaa 'talkingbird myna (bird)' |
Chim Sáo nâu 'brown starling (bird)' (12, 13, 34) |
家八哥 (家八哥) 'house myna' Taiwan: (家八哥) 家八哥 'house myna' (introduced) |
カバイロハッカ (樺色八哥) kaba-iro hakka 'birch-coloured myna' (=reddish yellow/yellowish brown colour) |
|
Acridotheres burmannicus Sturnus burmannicus |
Vinous-breasted Myna Vinous-breasted Starling Jerdon's starling |
Burung Tiong Dada Kelabu 'grey-breasted myna (bird)' (27) |
นกกิ้งโครงหัวสีนวล nók kîŋ-kʰrooŋ hŭa-sĭi-nuan 'pale-headed starling (bird)' |
Chim Sáo sậu đầu trắng 'white-headed sậu starling (bird)' (12) |
红嘴椋鸟 (紅嘴椋鳥) 'red-billed dogwood-bird' |
シロガシラムクドリ (白頭椋鳥) shiro-gashira muku-dori 'white-headed muku-bird' |
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Acridotheres fuscus | Jungle myna Indian jungle myna |
Burung Tiong Sawah 'wetfield myna (bird)' (26, 27) Burung Tiong Hutan 'forest myna (bird)' (24) Taxonomy (introduced) |
นกเอี้ยงควาย nók îaŋ khwaay 'waterbuffalo myna (bird)' |
丛林八哥 (叢林八哥) 'jungle myna' (4) 林八哥 (林八哥) 'forest myna' (5) Note |
モリハッカ (森八哥) mori hakka 'forest myna' |
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Acridotheres grandis Taxonomy |
Great myna White-vented myna Great myna Jungle myna |
Burung Tiong Siam 'Siamese myna (bird)' (27) Acridotheres grandis: Burung Tiong Jambul 'crested myna (bird)' (24) Burung Tiong Jambul 'crested myna (bird)' (26) Acridotheres javanicus: Burung Tiong Jawa 'Javanese myna (bird)' (24, 27) |
Burung Kerak Kerbau 'waterbuffalo junglemyna (bird)' (onomat.) Burung Kerak Perut-pucat 'pale-bellied junglemyna (bird)' (onomat.) (introduced) |
นกเอี้ยงหงอน nók îaŋ ŋŏaan 'crested myna (bird)' |
Acridotheres cinereus (13): Chim Sáo mỏ vàng 'yellow-billed starling (bird)' (12, 13, 34) |
林八哥 (林八哥) 'forest myna' (1, 2, 3, 4) 丛八哥 (叢八哥) 'jungle myna' (5) Taxonomy |
オオハッカ (大八哥) ō hakka 'large myna' |
|
Acridotheres cristatellus |
Crested myna Chinese jungle myna |
Burung Tiong Jambul Cina 'Chinese crested myna (bird)' (26) Burung Tiong Cina 'Chinese myna (bird)' (24, 27) (introduced) |
นกเอี้ยงหงอนก้นลาย nók îaŋ ŋŏaan kôn-laay 'stripe-vented crested myna (bird)' |
Chim Sáo đen 'black starling (bird)' (12, 13) or Chim Sáo mỏ ngà 'ivory-billed starling (bird)' (12, 13, 34) |
八哥 (八哥) 'myna' Taiwan: (八哥) 八哥 'myna' |
ハッカチョウ (八哥鳥) hakka-chō 'myna bird' (from Chinese) |
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MAINATINAE | ||||||||
SCIENTIFIC & WESTERN |
MALAY |
OTHER S. E. ASIAN |
EAST ASIAN |
|||||
Gracula | ||||||||
Latin |
English |
Malaysian |
Other M |
Indonesian |
Thai |
Vietnamese |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Gracula religiosa |
Hill myna Southern grackle Grackle Indian grackle |
Burung Tiong Emas 'gold myna (bird)' (26) Burung Tiong Mas 'gold myna (bird)' (24) Burung Tiong Besar 'large myna (bird)' (27) |
Burung Tiong Emas 'gold myna (bird)' |
นกขุนทอง nók kʰŭn-tʰoaaŋ 'Sir-Gold bird' |
Chim Nhồng 'myna (bird)' (12, 13, 34) or Chim Yểng 'myna (bird)' (12, 13, 34) |
鹩哥 (鷯哥) 'liaoge' |
キュウカンチョウ (九官鳥) kyūkan-chō 'nine-rank bird' |
|
Ampeliceps | ||||||||
Latin |
English |
Malaysian |
Other M |
Indonesian |
Thai |
Vietnamese |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Ampeliceps coronatus | Golden-crested myna Gold-crested myna |
Burung Tiong Jambul Emas 'gold-crested myna (bird)' (24, 26) Burung Tiong Topeng Emas 'gold-masked myna (bird)' (27) |
นกเอี้ยงหัวสีทอง nók îaŋ hŭa-sĭi-tʰoaaŋ 'gold-headed myna (bird)' |
Chim Sáo vàng 'yellow starling (bird)' (12) |
金冠树八哥 (金冠樹八哥) 'gold-crested tree myna' |
キガシラムクドリ (黄頭椋鳥) ki-gashira muku-dori 'yellow-headed muku-bird' |
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Aplonis | ||||||||
Latin |
English |
Malaysian |
Other M |
Indonesian |
Thai |
Vietnamese |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Aplonis panayensis |
Asian glossy starling Asian glossy-starling Philippine glossy starling |
Burung Perling Mata Merah 'red-eyed starling (bird)' (24, 26, 27) |
Burung Perling Kumbang 'glisteningblack starling (bird)' |
นกเอี้ยงดำปักษ์ใต้ nók îaŋ dam pàk-tây 'Southern region (= South Thailand) black myna (bird)' |
Chim Sáo xanh 'blue/green starling (bird)' (12) |
亚洲辉椋鸟 (亞洲輝椋鳥) 'Asian shining starling' (4) 辉椋鸟 (輝椋鳥) 'shining dogwood-bird' (5) Taiwan: (辉椋鸟) 輝椋鳥 'shining dogwood-bird' (introduced) |
ミドリカラスモドキ (緑烏擬き) midori karasu-modoki 'green pseudo-crow' |
The characters 九官鳥 kyūkan-chō mean 'nine-rank bird'. The explanation is that the bird ranks after the eight Chinese bureaucratic ranks but ahead of ordinary commoners in intelligence.
八哥 bā-gē literally means 'eight big brother', which supposedly refers to white patches on the underside of the wings of Acridotheres cristatellus, the Chinese Jungle Myna, which resemble the character 八 bā 'eight' when the bird is in flight. The name has been generalised as the Chinese name for the mynas and has also been borrowed into Japanese as ハッカ hakka (八哥).
Sanskrit sārikā or śārikā 'talking bird' has been borrowed into Thai as สาริกา and ศาริกา, both săa-rí-kaa and as สาลิกา săa-lí-kaa. Although the original Indic species identification is lost, Thai relates these names equally to magpies (Corvidae) and to Common Mynas (Sturnidae).
Perling is from the Old Malay-Indonesian name Perling meaning 'starling'.
中国鸟类种和亚种分类名录大全(修订版) 郑作新 著 科学出版社 北京 2000年
A Complete Checklist of Species and Subspecies of the Chinese Birds (Revised Edition) by Cheng Tso-Hsin, Science Press, Beijing 2000
中国鸟类分类与分布名录 主编:郑光美 科学出版社 北京 2005年
A Checklist on the Classification and Distribution of the Birds of China Chief editor: Zheng Guangmei, Science Press, Beijing 2005
中国鸟类野外手册(中文版)约翰・马敬能、卡伦・菲利普斯,合作者:荷芬奇,翻译:卢和芬 湖南教育出版社 长沙 2000年
A Field Guide to the Birds of China (Chinese translation) by John MacKinnon, Karen Phillipps, in collaboration with He Fen-qi, translated by Lu Hefen, Hunan Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Hunan Educational Press) Changsha 2000
世界鸟类分类与分布名录 主编:郑光美 科学出版社 北京 2002年
A Checklist on the Classification and Distribution of the Birds of the World Chief editor: Zheng Guangmei, Science Press, Beijing 2002
世界鸟类名称(拉丁文、汉文、英文对照)第二版 郑作新等 科学出版社 北京 2002年
Birds of the World (Latin, Chinese and English Names) 2nd ed. by Cheng Tso-Hsin et al, Science Press, Beijing 2002
Danh Lục Chim Việt Nam (In lần thứ hai) (Checklist of the Birds of Vietnam) Võ Quý, Nguyễn Cử, Nhà Xuất Bản Nông Nghiệp, Hà Nội 1999
Chim Việt Nam Nguyễn Cử, Lê Trọng Trải, Karen Phillipps; Nhà Xuất Bản Lao Động - Xã Hội, 2000
Senarai Nama-nama Burung Semenanjung Malaysia dan Asia Tenggara by Ismail, Abdul Rahman, Perhilitan (Jabatam Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara, Semenanjung Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur 1981
List of the Names of Birds of Peninsular Malaysia and Southeast Asia by Ismail, Abdul Rahman, Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 1981
A Field Guide to the Birds of West Malaysia and Singapore by Jeyarajasingam, Allen and Alan Pearson, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1999
The Birds of the Thai-Malay Peninsula: Vol. 2 - Passerines by Wells, David R., Christopher Helm, A&C Black, London 2007
Danh Lục Các Loài Chim ở Việt Nam (Latinh, Việt, Pháp, Hán) Trần Văn Chánh 2008-2009