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Ardeidae
วงศ์นกยาง
woŋ nók yaaŋ

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lù kē

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General

Information is from dictionaries and other sources. Comments and corrections welcome. Hover over Green Lettering Green lettering at this site hides a tool tip with glosses, further explanations, etc. Hover cursor to reveal. to see additional information.

Like most Southeast Asian languages, Thai has a general name for the largest wading birds which spans several different families. นกกระสา nók krà-săa 'largewader (bird)' is popularly used for Ardea great-herons (except for egrets) in the Ardeidae, and also for the storks (Ciconiidae), cranes (Gruidae), and ibises (Threskiornithidae). However, in modern ornithological Thai the name has been restricted only to the Ardeidae and Ciconiidae species. The name also has an old alternate spelling, นกกะสา nók kà-săa; and is found in other regional languages (compare Lao ນົກກະສາ nōk ká-săa and Khmer ក្រសារ krɑsaa).

All of the other Ardeidae species (including the egrets) are นกยาง nók yaaŋ, which we render as 'heron'. Popularly, the name also occurs as นกกระยาง nók krà-yaaŋ or นกกะยาง nók kà-yaaŋ, incorporating the old wildlife prefixes กระ- krà- or กะ- kà- (as also seen in the 'largewader' name). This is another old regional name (compare Lao ນົກຍາງ nōk nyáaŋ 'largewader; egret', and also irregularly ກະຢາງ ká-yàaŋ 'pondheron').

Popularly, egrets may be distinguished as นกยางขาว nók yaaŋ kʰăaw 'white heron' (Lao ນົກຍາງຂາວ nōk nyáaŋ kʰăaw). Other colours used in popular names have been incorporated in several of the ornithological names for bitterns (see table).

Heron calls are loud and distinctive and renditions are often used in Southeast Asian names for herons. In Thai those used in the names below include: แขวก kʰwàeek (nightheron) and กรอก kròaak (pondheron). Northern Thai also has ขวาก kʰwàak (greatheron).

Other ornithological general names include:

นกยางไฟ nók yaaŋ-fai 'fire-heron' (Ixobrychus bitterns)

นกยางกรอก nók yaaŋ-kròaak 'noisy-heron' (onomat.) (Ardeola pond-herons)

นกยางโทน nók yaaŋ tʰoon 'solitary-heron' (Ardea egrets)

Species names

› ABOUT THIS TABLE‹
BOTAURINAE
SCIENTIFIC & WESTERN
THAI
OTHER S. E. ASIAN
EAST ASIAN
Botaurus
Latin
English
Thai
Other Th
Malaysian
Indonesian
Vietnamese
Chinese
Japanese
Botaurus stellaris
link to photolink to photo
Eurasian bittern
Great bittern
Bittern
Common bittern
นกยางแดงใหญ่
nók yaaŋ daeeŋ yày
'large red heron (bird)'
  Burung Pucung Paya
'marsh smallheron (bird)' (28) Burung Pucung Danau
'lake smallheron (bird)' (24, 25, 26)
  Chim Vạc rạ
'stubble vạc bird' (onomat.) (12, 13)
大麻
(大麻鳽)
dà má-yán
'large flax bittern'
Taiwan:
(大麻鹭)
大麻鷺
dà má-lù
'large flax-heron'
サンカノゴイ
(三家五位)
sanka no goi
'mountain-house bittern'
Ixobrychus
Latin
English
Thai
Other Th
Malaysian
Indonesian
Vietnamese
Chinese
Japanese
Ixobrychus sinensis
link to photo
Yellow bittern
Chinese little bittern
นกยางไฟหัวดำ
nók yaaŋ-fay hŭa-dam
'black-headed fire-heron (bird)'
  Burung Pucung Kuning
'yellow smallheron (bird)' (old, 26, 28)
Burung Pucung Merah
'red smallheron (bird)' (24, 25)
Burung Bambangan
'bang-bang bird' (onomat.) (old)
Burung Bambangan Kuning
'yellow bang-bang bird' (onomat.) (29, 30)
Chim Cò lửa lùn
'dwarf fire stork (bird)' (12, 34)
黄斑苇
(黃斑葦鳽)
huáng-bān wěi-yán
'yellow-striped reed bittern' (2, 4)
黄苇
(黃葦鳽)
huáng wěi-yán
'yellow reed bittern' (1, 3, 5)
Taiwan:
(黄小鹭)
黃小鷺
huáng xiǎo-lù
'yellow small heron'
ヨシゴイ
(葦五位)
yoshi goi
'reed bittern'
Ixobrychus eurhythmus
link to photo
Shrenck's bittern
Schrenck's little bittern
นกยางไฟหัวเทา
nók yaaŋ-fay hŭa-tʰaw
'grey-headed fire-heron (bird)'
  Burung Pucung Gelam
'agate smallheron (bird)' (old, 24, 25, 26, 28) (shared with Ixobrychus sinensis; compare Ixobrychus cinnamomeus)
Burung Bambangan Coklat
'brown bang-bang bird' (onomat.) (29, 30)
Chim Cò nâu
'brown stork (bird)' (12, 34)
紫背苇
(紫背葦鳽)
zǐ-bèi wěi-yán
'purple back reed bittern'
Taiwan:
(秋小鹭)
秋小鷺
qiū xiǎo-lù
'autumn small heron'
オオヨシゴイ
(大葦五位)
ō yoshi goi
'large reed bittern'
Ixobrychus cinnamomeus
link to photolink to photo
Cinnamon bittern
Chestnut bittern
นกยางไฟธรรมดา
nók yaaŋ-fay tʰam-ma-daa
'common fire-heron (bird)'
นกยางไฟหัวน้ำตาล
nók yaaŋ-fay hŭa-nám-taan
'brown-headed fire-heron (bird)' (alt in 21)
นกยางแดง
nók yaaŋ daeeŋ
'red heron (bird)'
Burung Pucung Bendang
'wet-ricefield smallheron (bird)' (old, 24, 25, 26, 28)
Burung Bambangan Merah
'red bang-bang bird'
Burung Kekondangan
'kondang bird' (onomat.) (29)
Burung Kokokan
'kok-kok bird' (onomat.) (29)
Chim Cò lửa
'fire stork (bird)' (12, 34)
栗苇
(栗葦鳽)
lì wěi-yán
'chestnut reed bittern'
Taiwan:
(栗小鹭)
栗小鷺
lì xiǎo-lù
'chestnut small heron'
リュウキュウヨシゴイ
(琉球葦五位)
ryūkyū yoshi goi
'Ryukyu reed bittern'
Ixobrychus flavicollis
Dupetor flavicollis
link to photo
Black bittern
Yellow-necked bittern
นกยางดำ
nók yaaŋ dam
'black heron (bird)'
  Burung Pucung Hitam
'black smallheron (bird)' (old, 24, 25, 26, 28)
Burung Bambangan Hitam
'black bang-bang bird'
Burung Kokokan Sungai
'river kok-kok bird' (onomat.) (29)
Chim Cò hương
'perfume stork (bird)' (12)
黑苇
(黑葦鳽)
hēi wěi-yán
'black reed bittern' (1, 2, 4, 5)

(黑鳽)
hēi yán
'black bittern' (3. alt in 1)
Taiwan:
(黄颈黑鹭)
黃頸黑鷺
huáng-jǐng hēi-lù
'yellow-necked black heron'
タカサゴクロサギ
(高砂黒鷺)
takasago kuro-sagi
'Taiwan black heron'
Gorsachius
Latin
English
Thai
Other Th
Malaysian
Indonesian
Vietnamese
Chinese
Japanese
Gorsachius melanolophus
Nycticorax melanolophus
link to photolink to photo
Malaysian night heron
Malayan night-heron
Malay night heron
Tiger bittern
นกยางลายเสือ
nók yaaŋ laay-sĕua
'tiger-striped heron (bird)'
  Burung Pucung Harimau
'tiger smallheron (bird)' (26, 28)
Burung Pucung Rimau
'tiger smallheron (bird)' (24, 25)
Burung Kowak Melayu
'Malayan kowak bird' (onomat.) (29, 30)
Chim Cò tôm
'shrimp stork (bird)' (12, 34)
or
Chim Vạc rừng
'forest vạc bird' (onomat.) (12, 13, 34)
黑冠
(黑冠鳽)
hēi-guān yán
'black-crested bittern'
or
黑冠夜
(黑冠夜鳽)
hēi-guān yè-yán
'black-crested night-bittern' (alt in 1, 5)
Taiwan:
(黑冠麻鹭)
黑冠麻鷺
hēi-guān má-lù
'black-crested flax-heron'
ズグロミゾゴイ
(頭黒溝五位)
zu-guro mizo-goi
'black-headed ditch-bittern'
Nycticorax
Latin
English
Thai
Other Th
Malaysian
Indonesian
Vietnamese
Chinese
Japanese
Nycticorax nycticorax
link to photolink to photolink to photo
Black-crowned night heron
Black-crowned night-heron
Night heron
นกแขวก
nók kʰwàeek
'kʰwàeek bird' (onomat.)
  Burung Kuak(-kuak)
'kuak(-kuak) bird' (onomat.) (old)
Burung Pucung Kuak
'kuak smallheron (bird)' (onomat.) (24, 25, 26, 28)
Burung Kowak
'kowak bird' (onomat) (old, 29)
Burung Kowak-malam
'night-kowak bird' (onomat.) (old)
Burung Kowak-malam Abu
'ashy night-kowak bird' (onomat.) (30)
Chim Vạc
'vạc bird' (onomat.) (12, 13, 34)
夜鹭
(夜鷺)
yè lù
'night heron'
Taiwan:
(夜鹭)
夜鷺
yè lù
'night heron'
ゴイサギ
(五位鷺)
goi sagi
'bittern heron'
Butorides
Latin
English
Thai
Other Th
Malaysian
Indonesian
Vietnamese
Chinese
Japanese
Butorides striata
Butorides striatus
Ardeola striata
link to photolink to photo
Striated heron
Little heron
Green-backed heron
Little green heron
นกยางเขียว
nók yaaŋ kʰĭaw
'green heron (bird)'
  Burung Pucung
'smallheron (bird)' (old)
Burung Pucung Keladi
'caladium smallheron (bird)' (old, 24, 25, 26, 28) (same as Ixobrychus eurhythmus, I. sinensis; compare I. cinnamomeus)
Burung Kokokan Laut
'sea kok-kok bird' (onomat.) (29, 30)
Chim Cò xanh
'blue/green stork (bird)' (12, 13, 34)
绿鹭
(綠鷺)
lǜ lù
'green heron' (1, 2, 3, 4)
小绿鹭
(小綠鷺)
xiǎo lǜ lù
'little green heron' (5)
Taiwan:
(绿蓑鹭)
綠蓑鷺
lǜ suō lù
'green raincoat heron'
ササゴイ
(笹五位)
sasa goi
'bamboo bittern'
Ardeola
Latin
English
Thai
Other Th
Malaysian
Indonesian
Vietnamese
Chinese
Japanese
Ardeola grayii
link to photo
Indian pond heron
Indian pond-heron
Paddy bird
นกยางกรอกพันธุ์อินเดีย
nók yaaŋ-kròaak pʰan in-dia
'Indian species kròaak heron (bird)' (onomat.)
  Burung Pucung India
'Indian smallheron (bird)' (25)
Burung Pucung Danau India
'Indian lake-smallheron (bird)' (28)
Burung Pucung Bakau
'mangrove smallheron (bird)' (24) (same as Butorides striata)
    印度池鹭
(印度池鷺)
yìndù chí-lù
'Indian pond heron'
インドアカガシラサギ
(インド赤頭鷺)
indo aka-gashira sagi
'Indian red-headed heron'
Ardeola bacchus
link to photo
Chinese pond heron
Chinese pond-heron
นกยางกรอกพันธุ์จีน
nók yaaŋ-kròaak pʰan ciin
'Chinese species kròaak heron (bird)' (onomat.)
  Burung Pucung Cina
'Chinese smallheron (bird)' (24, 25, 26)
Burung Pucung Danau Cina
'Chinese lake-smallheron (bird)' (28)
Burung Blekok Cina
'Chinese kok bird' (onomat.) (30)
Chim Cò bợ
'bợ stork (bird)' (12, 13, 34)
池鹭
(池鷺)
chí-lù
'pond heron'
Taiwan:
(池鹭)
池鷺
chí-lù
'pond heron'
アカガシラサギ
(赤頭鷺)
aka-gashira sagi
'red-headed heron'
Ardeola speciosa
link to photo
Javan pond heron
Javan pond-heron
Javanese pond heron
นกยางกรอกพันธุ์ชวา
nók yaaŋ-kròaak pʰan cʰa-waa
'Javanese species kròaak heron (bird)' (onomat.)
  Burung Pucung Jawa
'Javanese smallheron (bird)' (24, 25, 26)
Burung Pucung Danau Jawa
'Javanese lake-smallheron (bird)' (28)
Burung Blekok
'kok bird' (onomat.) (old)
Burung Blekok Sawah
'wet-field kok bird' (onomat.) (29, 30)
Chim Cò bợ Java
'Javanese bợ stork (bird)' (12)
爪哇池鹭
(爪哇池鷺)
zhǎowā chí-lù
'Javanese pond heron'
Taiwan:
(爪哇池鹭)
爪哇池鷺
zhǎowā chí-lù
'Javanese pond heron'
ジャワアカガシラサギ
(ジャワ赤頭鷺)
jawa aka-gashira sagi
'Javanese red-headed heron'
Bubulcus
Latin
English
Thai
Other Th
Malaysian
Indonesian
Vietnamese
Chinese
Japanese
Bubulcus ibis
Egretta ibis
link to photo
Cattle egret
Buff-backed heron
Bubulcus coromandus:
นกยางควาย
nók yaaŋ kʰwaay
'waterbuffalo heron (bird)'
นกยางเสวย
nók yaaŋ sà-wĕuuy
'delicious heron (bird)' (alt in 21)
Burung Bangau Kerbau
'buffalo stork (bird)' (26, 28)
Burung Bangau Kendi
'watercarafe stork (bird)' (name exchanged with Egretta intermedia) (24, 25)
Burung Kuntul Kerbau
'buffalo egret (bird)' (29, 30)
Chim Cò ruồi
'fly stork (bird)' (12, 13, 34)
牛背鹭
(牛背鷺)
niú-bèi lù
'ox-back heron'
Taiwan:
(黄头鹭)
黃頭鷺
huáng-tóu lù
'yellow-headed heron'
アマサギ
(亜麻鷺)
ama-sagi
'flax-heron'
Ardea
Latin
English
Thai
Other Th
Malaysian
Indonesian
Vietnamese
Chinese
Japanese
Ardea cinerea
link to photolink to photo
Grey heron นกกระสานวล
nók krà-săa nuan
'pale largewader (bird)'
นกขวากตน
nók kʰwàak ton  
'solitary greatheron (bird)' (N Thai)
Burung Seriap
'greatheron (bird)' (old) (same as Ardea sumatrana, Ardea purpurea)
Burung Pucung Seriap
'greatheron smallheron (bird)' (24, 25, 26, 28)
Burung Cangak Abu
'ashy greatheron (bird)' (old, 29, 30)
Chim Diệc xám
'grey heron (bird)' (12, 13, 34)
苍鹭
(蒼鷺)
cāng-lù
'darkblue heron'
Taiwan:
(苍鹭)
蒼鷺
cāng-lù
'darkblue heron'
アオサギ
(青鷺)
ao-sagi
'blue/green heron'
Ardea sumatrana
link to photo
Great-billed heron
Dusky-grey heron
นกกระสาใหญ่
nók krà-săa yày
'large largewader (bird)')
  Burung Lembu
'cattle (bird)' (old)
Burung Pucung Lembu
'cattle smallheron (bird)' (24, 25, 26, 28)
Burung Cangak Laut
'sea greatheron (bird)' (29, 30)
Chim Diệc Xumatra
'Sumatra heron (bird)' (12)
大嘴鹭
(大嘴鷺)
dà-zuǐ lù
'large-billed heron' (4)
乌灰鹭
(烏灰鷺)
wū-huī lù
'black-grey heron' (5)
スマトラサギ
(スマトラ鷺)
sumatora-sagi
'Sumatra heron'
Ardea purpurea
link to photolink to photolink to photo
Purple heron นกกระสาแดง
nók krà-săa daeeŋ
'red largewader (bird)')
  Burung Serandau
'wader (bird)' (old) (same as Ardea cinerea)
Burung Pucung Serandau
'wader smallheron (bird)' (24, 25, 26, 28)
Burung Cangak Merah
'red greatheron (bird)' (29, 30)
Chim Diệc lửa
'fire heron (bird)' (12, 13, 34)
草鹭
(草鷺)
cǎo-lù
'grass heron'
Taiwan:
(紫鹭)
紫鷺
zǐ-lù
'purple heron'
ムラサキサギ
(紫鷺)
murasaki-sagi
'purple heron'
Ardea alba
Egretta alba
Casmerodius albus
link to photolink to photo
Great egret
Great white heron
Ardea modesta:
นกยางโทนใหญ่
nók yaaŋ tʰoon yày
'large solitary heron (bird)'
  Burung Bangau Besar
'large stork (bird)' (old, 24, 25, 26, 28)
Burung Kuntul
'egret (bird)' (old)
Burung Kuntul Besar
'large egret (bird)' (30)
Burung Kuntul Putih Besar
'large white egret (bird)' (29)
Egretta alba (12), Casmerodius albus (13):
Chim Cò ngàng lớn
'large ngàng stork (bird)' (12, 13)
大白鹭
(大白鷺)
dà bái-lù
'large white heron'
Taiwan:
(大白鹭)
大白鷺
dà bái-lù
'large white heron'
ダイサギ
(大鷺)
dai-sagi
'large heron'
Ardea intermedia
Egretta intermedia
Mesophoyx intermedia
link to photolink to photo
Intermediate egret
Plumed egret
Lesser egret
นกยางโทนน้อย
nók yaaŋ tʰoon nóaay
'little solitary heron (bird)'
  Burung Bangau Kendi
'watercarafe stork (bird)' (26, 28)
Burung Bangau Kerbau
'buffalo stork (bird)' (Name swapped with Bubulcus ibis) (24, 25)
Burung Kuntul Perak
'silver egret (bird)' (29, 30)
Egretta intermedia (12, 34), Mesophoyx intermedia (13):
Chim Cò ngàng nhỏ
'small ngàng stork (bird)' (12, 13, 34)
中白鹭
(中白鷺)
zhōng bái-lù
'medium white heron'
Taiwan:
(中白鹭)
中白鷺
zhōng bái-lù
'medium white heron'
チュウサギ
(中鷺)
chū-sagi
'medium heron'
Egretta
Latin
English
Thai
Other Th
Malaysian
Indonesian
Vietnamese
Chinese
Japanese
Egretta garzetta
link to photolink to photo
Little egret นกยางเปีย
nók yaaŋ pia
'tufted (back of head) heron (bird)'
  Burung Bangau Kecil
'small stork (bird)' (24, 25, 26, 28)
Burung Kuntul Kecil
'small egret (bird)' (30)
Burung Kuntul Perak Kecil
'small silver egret (bird)' (29)
Chim Cò trắng
'white stork (bird)' (12, 34)
›Name‹
白鹭
(白鷺)
bái-lù
'white heron'

Taiwan:
(小白鹭)
小白鷺
xiǎo bái-lù
'little white heron'
コサギ
(小鷺)
ko-sagi
'small heron'
Egretta sacra
link to photolink to photo
Pacific Reef Egret
Pacific reef-egret
Eastern reef-egret
Reef heron
Eastern reef heron
Reef egret
นกยางทะเล
nók yaaŋ tʰa-lee
'sea heron (bird)'
  Burung Pucung Batu
'rock smallheron (bird)' (old)
Burung Bangau Batu
'rock stork (bird)' (24, 25, 26, 28)
Burung Kuntul Karang
'coral egret (bird)' (29, 30)
Chim Cò đen
'black stork (bird)' (12, 34) (conflicts with Ixobrychus flavicollus)
岩鹭
(岩鷺)
yán-lù
'rock heron'
Taiwan:
(岩鹭)
岩鷺
yán-lù
'rock heron'
クロサギ
(黒鷺)
kuro-sagi
'black heron'
Egretta eulophotes
link to photo
Chinese egret
Swinhoe's egret
นกยางจีน
nók yaaŋ ciin
'Chinese heron (bird)'
  Burung Bangau Cina
'Chinese stork (bird)' (24, 25, 26, 28)
Burung Kuntul Cina
'Chinese egret (bird)' (30)
Chim Cò trắng Trung Quốc
'Chinese white stork (bird)' (12, 13, 34)
黄嘴白鹭
(黄嘴白鷺)
huáng-zuǐ bái-lù
'yellow-billed white heron'
Taiwan:
(唐白鹭)
唐白鷺
táng bái-lù
'Chinese white heron'
カラシラサギ
(唐白鷺)
kara shira-sagi
'Chinese white heron'

is a general name for storks (excluding adjutants), ibises, and certain types of medium-sized ardeid. Its scope includes the egrets but excludes the great herons and some night herons and bitterns. Attempts have been made in the ornithological naming to bring Vietnamese names into conformity with the scientific taxonomy.

เสวย sà-wĕuuy is a royal register verb 'to eat' or 'to attain'. As an ornithological heron descriptor this is an unusual revival of a recording in an old bilingual dictionary: ยางเสวย yaaŋ sà-wĕuuy "royal species very good for the table" presumably meaning 'a heron fit for the king to eat'.

นกกระส nók krà-săa 'largewader (bird)' is popularly used for Ardea great-herons (except for egrets) in the Ardeidae, and also for the storks (Ciconiidae), cranes (Gruidae), and ibises (Threskiornithidae). However, in modern ornithological Thai the name has been restricted only to the Ardeidae and Ciconiidae species.

The name นกยางโทน nók yaaŋ tʰoon 'solitary heron' for the two Ardea egrets is paralleled in Northern Thai นกขวากตน nók kʰwàak ton 'solitary greatheron' reported for Ardea cinerea. Currently, ornithological 'solitary' heron names are known only for these three species.

Bambangan 'bang-bang bird' is an old Indonesian bittern name first recorded for Ixobrychus sinensis, now also applied to other bittern species in (29, 30).

Kokokan 'kok-kok bird' is an Indonesian name for small herons and bitterns. It is a reduplicated version of the similar sound kok used in blekok 'pond heron'. Unmodified, kokokan is used in (29) for Ixobrychus cinnamomeus, suggesting the other kokokan names in (29) are extensions.

Nightherons are named after their distinctive loud calls. The same basic call is rendered here variously as kuak, kuak-kuak, kuar, kuaran, kowak, etc. A corresponding name in early Javanese is guwo.

Pucung is originally an old general name for any of several small herons and bitterns. Unmodified pucung has been especially identified with Butorides striata since the early 19th century. Principally in Malaysian, the name has been relatively recently extended to refer to any birds called 'heron' in English.

Blekek (also written belekek) 'kek bird' is the Javanese version of Malay berkek or berkik 'snipe'. Indonesian blekek has been recorded for various kinds of birds hunted as snipe, including true snipe and dowitchers (Scolopacidae), painted snipe (Rostratulidae), and as here, small herons (Ardeidae)

Blekok (also written belekok) 'kok bird' is the old name for Ardeola speciosa on Java, where only that one species of pond heron normally occurs, but the name has always been used for vagrants of other species as well. Blekok is extended as a general pond heron name for ornithological Indonesian in (30).

Bangau 'stork' is a widely used general name for large wading birds. In Malaysian bangau has principally come to refer to any birds called 'egret' in English, but earlier records include any mostly-white herons as well as great herons and storks. In addition, bangau is popularly used for cranes (Gruidae), the extralimital flamingos (Phoenicopteridae), and (especially in Indonesian) for adjutant storks (Ciconiidae). Bangau has also been extended as a general 'stork' name for ornithological Indonesian in (30).

Kendi 'watercarafe' refers to (originally South Asian) water containers whose shapes or modes of use suggest certain round-bodied, long-billed birds. Aside from its use as a descriptor for certain egrets in Ardeidae, kendi also serves as the base for Malaysian names of curlews and whimbrels (Scolopacidae). The derived form sekendi is used for ibises and spoonbills (Threskiornithidae).

Pucung is originally an old general name for any of several small herons and bitterns. Following an early ornithological extension, Malaysian pucung now may refer to any bird called 'heron' in English. Pucung was inserted into all ornithological Malaysian Ardeidae names (except those for egrets) in (24), a practice continued by most subsequent authorities.

Several loud heron calls are traditionally said to resemble the sounds made by cattle or buffalo. Lembu 'cattle' in the name for Ardea sumatrana refers to the perceived similarity in sound rather than a physical association with cattle. Kuak, the verb 'to make cattle noises', is conventionally written the same way as kuak, one of the onomatopoetic names for Nycticorax nightherons.

Kuntul (variously written kuntul, kontul, kontol, kundur, kutur, koto, kuntuk) is an old Indonesian, Javanese and East-Coast Malayan general name for egret. Unmodified kuntul may be popularly used in Indonesian for any egret, but refers especially to the largest species, Ardea alba. Optionally besar 'large' may be added to reinforce that identification.

Mostly from Robinson (& Chasen) 1927-1939 v1-4; additions from Madoc 1947 (et.seq.), and Glenister 1951 (both mostly names copied from Robinson)

中国鸟类种和亚种分类名录大全(修订版) 郑作新 著 科学出版社 北京 2000年
A Complete Checklist of Species and Subspecies of the Chinese Birds (Revised Edition) by Cheng Tso-Hsin, Science Press, Beijing 2000

中国鸟类分类与分布名录 主编:郑光美 科学出版社 北京 2005年
A Checklist on the Classification and Distribution of the Birds of China Chief editor: Zheng Guangmei, Science Press, Beijing 2005

中国鸟类野外手册(中文版)约翰・马敬能、卡伦・菲利普斯,合作者:荷芬奇,翻译:卢和芬 湖南教育出版社 长沙 2000年
A Field Guide to the Birds of China (Chinese translation) by John MacKinnon, Karen Phillipps, in collaboration with He Fen-qi, translated by Lu Hefen, Hunan Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Hunan Educational Press) Changsha 2000

世界鸟类分类与分布名录 主编:郑光美 科学出版社 北京 2002年
A Checklist on the Classification and Distribution of the Birds of the World Chief editor: Zheng Guangmei, Science Press, Beijing 2002

世界鸟类名称(拉丁文、汉文、英文对照)第二版 郑作新等 科学出版社 北京 2002年
Birds of the World (Latin, Chinese and English Names) 2nd ed. by Cheng Tso-Hsin et al, Science Press, Beijing 2002

中国鸟类分布名录 第二版 郑作新 科学出版社 北京 1976年
(Checklist of the Classification of Birds of China 2nd edition by Cheng Tso-Hsin, Science Press, Beijing 1976)

香港及華南鳥類(第六版)(翻譯成中文及重新修訂) 尹璉、費嘉倫、林超英 香港性徵特區政府新聞處政府印務局 1994年
Birds of Hong Kong and South China (6th edition, translated into Chinese and newly revised) by Clive Viney, Karen Phillipps, Lin Chaoying, Hong Kong Govt. Press 1994

Pocket Checklist of the Birds of the Republic of Singapore / Senai Jenis-Jenis Burung di Singapura / 新加坡野鸟目录 by Lim Kim Seng Nature Society (Singapore) 1999

Danh Lục Chim Việt Nam (In lần thứ hai) (Checklist of the Birds of Vietnam) Võ Quý, Nguyễn Cử, Nhà Xuất Bản Nông Nghiệp, Hà Nội 1999

Chim Việt Nam Nguyễn Cử, Lê Trọng Trải, Karen Phillipps; Nhà Xuất Bản Lao Động - Xã Hội, 2000

นกในเมืองไทย รศ. โอภาส ขอบเขตต (Birds in Thailand, Assoc. Prof. Obhas Khobkhet), in 5 volumes, Sarakadee Press, Bangkok, 1998-2001

Senarai Nama-nama Burung Semenanjung Malaysia dan Asia Tenggara by Ismail, Abdul Rahman, Perhilitan (Jabatam Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara, Semenanjung Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur 1981
(List of the Names of Birds of Peninsular Malaysia and Southeast Asia by Ismail, Abdul Rahman, Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 1981)

Previously online version of: Senarai Nama-nama Burung Semenanjung Malaysia dan Asia Tenggara by Ismail, Abdul Rahman, Perhilitan (Jabatam Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara, Semenanjung Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur 1981
List of the Names of Birds of Peninsular Malaysia and Southeast Asia by Ismail, Abdul Rahman, Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 1981

The Birds of the Thai-Malay Peninsula: Vol. 1 - Non-passerines by Wells, David R., Academic Press, London 1999

A Field Guide to the Birds of West Malaysia and Singapore by Jeyarajasingam, Allen and Alan Pearson, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1999

The Birds of the Thai-Malay Peninsula: Vol. 2 - Passerines by Wells, David R., Christopher Helm, A&C Black, London 2007

A Field Guide to the Birds of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore (second edition) by Jeyarajasingham, Allen, Illustrations by Alan Pearson, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012

A Field Guide to the Birds of Java and Bali (second edition) by MacKinnon, John, Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta 1990

Burung Nusantara checklist of Birds of Indonesia

Danh Lục Các Loài Chim ở Việt Nam (Latinh, Việt, Pháp, Hán) Trần Văn Chánh 2008-2009