Threskiornithidae
วงศ์นกช้อนหอยและนกปากช้อน
woŋ nók cʰóaan-hŏaay láe nók pàak-cʰóaan

General

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The traditional Thai general names for threskiornithids are all names for ibises.

นกกุลา nók kù-laa 'ibis (bird)' is an old name of uncertain etymology.

The other ibis names refer to the clever ways the ibis uses its bill to extract snails and other molluscs from their shells. In these names ช้อน cʰóaan 'spoon' and ค้อน kʰóaan 'hammer' suggest verbs of motion rather than the shape of the bill or the tool used as a noun.

นกช้อนหอย nók cʰóaan-hŏaay 'mollusc-spoon (bird)'. (Informally, this name may be contracted to นกช้อน nók cʰóaan 'spoon bird'.)

นกค้อนหอย nók kʰóaan-hŏaay 'mollusc-hammer (bird)'.

Spoonbills are very rare in Thailand and นกปากช้อน nók pàak-cʰóaan 'spoon-bill bird' is a translation of the English name. Here ช้อน cʰóaan 'spoon' does refer to the shape of the bill.

Like most Southeast Asian languages, Thai has a general name for the largest wading birds which spans several different families. นกกระสา nók krà-săa 'largewader (bird)' is popularly used for ibises in the Threskiornithidae, as well as for Ardea great-herons (except for egrets) (Ardeidae), storks (Ciconiidae), and cranes (Gruidae). However, in modern ornithological Thai the name has been restricted to the Ardeidae and Ciconiidae species. The name also has an old alternate spelling, นกกะสา nók kà-săa; and is found in other regional languages (compare Lao ນົກກະສາ nōk ká-săa and Khmer ក្រសារ krɑsaa).

Species names

SCIENTIFIC & WESTERN		THAI		OTHER S. E. ASIAN			EAST ASIAN
Threskiornis
Latin	English	Thai	Other Th	Malaysian	Indonesian	Vietnamese	Chinese	Japanese
Threskiornis melanocephalus	Black-headed ibis White ibis East Asian ibis	นกช้อนหอยขาว nók cʰóaan-hŏaay kʰăaw 'white mollusc-spoon bird' or นกกุลา nók kù-laa 'ibis (bird)'	นกกุลาขาว nók kù-laa kʰăaw 'white ibis (bird)' (alt in 21) นกยางปากขอ nók yaaŋ pàak-kʰŏaa 'hook-billed heron (bird)' (S Thai dialect) (alt in 21)	Burung Sekendi Kepala Hitam 'black-headed water-carafe bird' (see kendi 'curlew') (24, 25, 26)	Burung Ibis Cucuk-besi 'iron-billed ibis (bird)' (ibis from English. Cucuk ~ cocok 'long hairpin' from Javanese, now with secondary meaning 'beak/bill; thorn; etc.') Burung Ibis Kepala Hitam     'black-headed ibis (bird)' (ibis from English) (29)	Chim Cò quăm đầu đen 'black-headed curved[bill] stork (bird)' (12, 34)	黑头白鹮 (黑頭白䴉) hēi-tóu bái-huán 'black-headed white ibis' or 白鹮 (白䴉) bái-huán 'white ibis' (alt in 1) Taxonomy Taiwan: (黑头白鹮) 黑頭白䴉 hēi-tóu bái-huán 'black-headed white ibis'	クロトキ (黒朱鷺) kuro-toki 'black ibis'
Platalea
Latin	English	Thai	Other Th	Malaysian	Indonesian	Vietnamese	Chinese	Japanese
Platalea leucorodia	Eurasian spoonbill European spoonbill White spoonbill	นกปากช้อนหน้าขาว nók pàak-cʰóaan nâa-kʰăaw 'white-faced spoon-bill bird'		Burung Sekendi Sudu  'spoon water-carafe bird' (see kendi 'curlew') (24)		Chim Cò thìa Châu âu 'European spoon-stork (bird)' (13)	白琵鹭 (白琵鷺) bái pí-lù 'white spatula-heron' Taiwan: (白琵鹭) 白琵鷺 bái pí-lù 'white spatula-heron'	ヘラサギ (篦鷺) hera-sagi 'spatula-heron'
Platalea minor	Black-faced spoonbill Lesser spoonbill	นกปากช้อนหน้าดำ nók pàak-cʰóaan nâa-dam 'black-faced spoon-bill bird'		Burung Sekendi Sudu Muka Hitam 'black-faced spoon water-carafe bird' (see kendi 'curlew') (24) Burung Sekendi- sudu Muka Hitam 'black-faced spoon water-carafe bird' (see kendi 'curlew') (25)		Chim Cò thìa 'spoon-stork (bird)' (12, 13, 34)	黑脸琵鹭 (黑臉琵鷺) hēi-liǎn pí-lù 'black-faced spatula-heron' Taiwan: (黑面琵鹭) 黑面琵鷺 hēi-miàn pí-lù 'black-faced spatula-heron'	クロツラヘラサギ (黒面篦鷺) kuro-tsura hera-sagi 'black-faced spatula-heron'
Pseudibis
Latin	English	Thai	Other Th	Malaysian	Indonesian	Vietnamese	Chinese	Japanese
Pseudibis davisoni	White-shouldered ibis	นกช้อนหอยดำ nók cʰóaan-hŏaay dam 'black mollusc-spoon bird'	นกกุลาดำ nók kù-laa dam 'black ibis (bird)' (alt in 21)	Burung Sekendi Bahu Putih 'white-shouldered water-carafe bird)' (see kendi 'curlew') (24, 25)	Burung Ibis Karau 'blotched ibis (bird)' (ibis from English)	Pseudibis papillosa (12): Chim Cò quăm cánh xanh 'blue/green-winged curved[bill] stork (bird)' (12, 34)	白肩黑鹮 (白肩黑䴉) bái-jiān hēi-huán 'white-shouldered black ibis' (2, 3, 4) 东方黑鹮 (東方黑䴉) dōngfang hēi-huán 'eastern black ibis' (5) Taxonomy	カタジロトキ or カタシロトキ (肩白朱鷺) kata-jiro toki or kata-shiro toki 'white-shouldered ibis' (Wikipedia etc.)
Pseudibis gigantea Thaumatibis gigantea	Giant ibis	นกช้อนหอยใหญ่ nók cʰóaan-hŏaay yày 'large mollusc-spoon-bird'	นกกุลาใหญ่ nók kù-laa yày 'large ibis (bird)' (alt in 21)	Burung Sekendi Besar 'large water-carafe bird' (see kendi 'curlew') (24, 25)		Chim Cò quăm lớn 'large curved[bill] stork (bird)' (12, 34)	巨鹮 (巨䴉) jù-huán 'giant ibis' (4) 巨黑鹮 (巨黑䴉) jù-hēi huán 'giant black ibis' (5)	オニアカアシトキ (鬼赤足朱鷺) oni aka-ashi toki 'ogre red-legged ibis'
Plegadis
Latin	English	Thai	Other Th	Malaysian	Indonesian	Vietnamese	Chinese	Japanese
Plegadis falcinellus	Glossy ibis	นกช้อนหอยดำเหลือบ nók cʰóaan-hŏaay dam-lèuap 'glossy-black mollusc-spoon-bird'		Burung Sekendi Kilat 'glossy water-carafe bird' (see kendi 'curlew')	Burung Ibis Rokoroko 'glossyibis ibis (bird)' (onomat., ibis from English) Burung Roko-roko 'glossyibis (bird)' (onomat.) (29)	Chim Quắm đen 'black curved[bill] bird' (12, 13)	彩鹮 (彩䴉) cǎi-huán 'coloured ibis'	ブロンズトキ (ブロンズ朱鷺) buronzu toki 'bronze ibis'

Cò is a general name for storks (excluding adjutants), ibises, and certain types of medium-sized ardeid.

中国鸟类种和亚种分类名录大全（修订版） 郑作新 著 科学出版社 北京 2000年
A Complete Checklist of Species and Subspecies of the Chinese Birds (Revised Edition) by Cheng Tso-Hsin, Science Press, Beijing 2000

中国鸟类分类与分布名录 主编：郑光美 科学出版社 北京 2005年
A Checklist on the Classification and Distribution of the Birds of China Chief editor: Zheng Guangmei, Science Press, Beijing 2005

中国鸟类野外手册（中文版）约翰・马敬能、卡伦・菲利普斯，合作者：荷芬奇，翻译：卢和芬 湖南教育出版社 长沙 2000年
A Field Guide to the Birds of China (Chinese translation) by John MacKinnon, Karen Phillipps, in collaboration with He Fen-qi, translated by Lu Hefen, Hunan Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Hunan Educational Press) Changsha 2000

世界鸟类分类与分布名录 主编：郑光美 科学出版社 北京 2002年
A Checklist on the Classification and Distribution of the Birds of the World Chief editor: Zheng Guangmei, Science Press, Beijing 2002

世界鸟类名称（拉丁文、汉文、英文对照）第二版 郑作新等 科学出版社 北京 2002年
Birds of the World (Latin, Chinese and English Names) 2nd ed. by Cheng Tso-Hsin et al, Science Press, Beijing 2002

Danh Lục Chim Việt Nam (In lần thứ hai) (Checklist of the Birds of Vietnam) Võ Quý, Nguyễn Cử, Nhà Xuất Bản Nông Nghiệp, Hà Nội 1999

Chim Việt Nam Nguyễn Cử, Lê Trọng Trải, Karen Phillipps; Nhà Xuất Bản Lao Động - Xã Hội, 2000

นกในเมืองไทย รศ. โอภาส ขอบเขตต (Birds in Thailand, Assoc. Prof. Obhas Khobkhet), in 5 volumes, Sarakadee Press, Bangkok, 1998-2001

Senarai Nama-nama Burung Semenanjung Malaysia dan Asia Tenggara by Ismail, Abdul Rahman, Perhilitan (Jabatam Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara, Semenanjung Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur 1981
List of the Names of Birds of Peninsular Malaysia and Southeast Asia by Ismail, Abdul Rahman, Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 1981

The Birds of the Thai-Malay Peninsula: Vol. 1 - Non-passerines by Wells, David R., Academic Press, London 1999

A Field Guide to the Birds of West Malaysia and Singapore by Jeyarajasingam, Allen and Alan Pearson, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1999

A Field Guide to the Birds of Java and Bali (second edition) by MacKinnon, John, Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta 1990

Danh Lục Các Loài Chim ở Việt Nam (Latinh, Việt, Pháp, Hán) Trần Văn Chánh 2008-2009