Ciconiidae
Họ Hạc

Cò is a general name for storks (excluding adjutants), ibises, and certain types of medium-sized ardeid.

Hạc (from Chinese 鶴 hè) is traditionally a name for the cranes, but is also used or the storks. Ornithologically it is used only for the genus Ciconia.

นกกระสา nók krà-săa 'largewader (bird)' is popularly used for storks (Ciconiidae), Ardea great-herons (except for egrets) (Ardeidae), cranes (Gruidae), and ibises (Threskiornithidae). Restricted in modern ornithological Thai to the Ciconiidae and Ardeidae species.

The pink-shaded, overlapping feathers are said to resemble a lotus flower.

Upih (written variously as upih, upeh, upiah, upih-upih, upih-upihan, upik) is an old name for Mycteria storks. Upih has been extended as a general 'stork' name for ornithological Malaysian in (26, 28).

Bluwok is one representation of an old dialect name for Mycteria cinerea which is now variable in pronunciation and spelling. Bluwok, blao, and wilwo are historically all the same name. Bluwok has been extended as a general 'stork' name for ornithological Indonesian in some sources.

Bangau 'stork' is also popularly used for cranes (Gruidae), the extralimital flamingos (Phoenicopteridae), and (especially in Malaysian) for greatherons and egrets (Ardeidae). In the oldest Indonesian records bangau is identified as referring particularly to Leptoptilos javanicus.

Sandang lawe (written variously as sandang lawe, sandanglawe, sindanglawe, etc.) is from Javanese lawé 'yarn' and sandhang 'clothing'. It refers to the shaggy feathers of the white neck of Ciconia episcopus, but the name has been extended to other species.

(24a) modified the word order from incorrect botak putih leher in (24). The shared name is from a species split.

Burung Botak 'bald-bird' is an old name for Leptoptilos adjutants. In Indonesian sulah 'bald' is sometimes substituted in botak names. Botak has been extended as a general 'stork' name for ornithological Malaysian in (24, 25).

Bangau (also written bango from the Javanese and Sundanese pronunciations) in the oldest Indonesian records referred particularly to Leptoptilos javanicus. Bangau has been extended as a general 'stork' name for ornithological Indonesian in (30)

Tongtong (written variously as tongtong, tontong, etc.) 'handbell' refers to the crop which swings as it walks. This descriptor is from Javanese (bango) thonthong.

ตะกรุมตะกราม tà-krum tà-kraam is a rhyming-couplet adjective meaning 'greedy; gluttonous; avaricious; voracious; insatiable; etc.'. The couplet is broken up and the components are used separately for the two species of adjutants.

Burung ruak-ruak (written variously as ruak-ruak, ruk-ruk, rok-rok, etc.) is also one of the names for white-breasted waterhen, Amaurornis phoenicurus (Rallidae). The name is akin to roko-roko 'glossy ibis', Plegadis falcinellus (Threskiornithidae).

Merabu is borrowed from a Western colonial language (compare Portuguese 'marabu', Dutch 'maraboe', English 'marabou'). In modern English usage 'marabou' is restricted to the African species, Leptoptilos crumeniferus. However, as still in the other Western languages, it formerly referred to any of the Leptoptilos adjutants.

(In (24) originally given as Botak hitam leher. (24a) modified the word order to the correct Botak leher hitam but inadvertently reassigned the name to Ciconia stormi.

Burung Babi 'pig-bird' is an old name for Leptoptilos adjutants. The name refers to the habits which these birds share with pigs and render them religiously unclean.

The meaning of walang kada is unclear. It is used in (29) as an alternate name for Mycteria cinerea. The name earlier appeared as "walang kadda" in Raffles 1822, where it refers to the pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus. Both are large, pale-coloured birds.

Mostly from Robinson (& Chasen) 1927-1939 v1-4; additions from Madoc 1947 (et.seq.), and Glenister 1951 (both mostly names copied from Robinson)

世界鸟类分类与分布名录 主编：郑光美 科学出版社 北京 2002年
A Checklist on the Classification and Distribution of the Birds of the World Chief editor: Zheng Guangmei, Science Press, Beijing 2002

世界鸟类名称（拉丁文、汉文、英文对照）第二版 郑作新等 科学出版社 北京 2002年
Birds of the World (Latin, Chinese and English Names) 2nd ed. by Cheng Tso-Hsin et al, Science Press, Beijing 2002

Danh Lục Chim Việt Nam (In lần thứ hai) (Checklist of the Birds of Vietnam) Võ Quý, Nguyễn Cử, Nhà Xuất Bản Nông Nghiệp, Hà Nội 1999

Chim Việt Nam Nguyễn Cử, Lê Trọng Trải, Karen Phillipps; Nhà Xuất Bản Lao Động - Xã Hội, 2000

Senarai Nama-nama Burung Semenanjung Malaysia dan Asia Tenggara by Ismail, Abdul Rahman, Perhilitan (Jabatam Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara, Semenanjung Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur 1981
List of the Names of Birds of Peninsular Malaysia and Southeast Asia by Ismail, Abdul Rahman, Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 1981

Previously online version of: Senarai Nama-nama Burung Semenanjung Malaysia dan Asia Tenggara by Ismail, Abdul Rahman, Perhilitan (Jabatam Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara, Semenanjung Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur 1981
List of the Names of Birds of Peninsular Malaysia and Southeast Asia by Ismail, Abdul Rahman, Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 1981

The Birds of the Thai-Malay Peninsula: Vol. 1 - Non-passerines by Wells, David R., Academic Press, London 1999

A Field Guide to the Birds of West Malaysia and Singapore by Jeyarajasingam, Allen and Alan Pearson, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1999

A Field Guide to the Birds of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore (second edition) by Jeyarajasingham, Allen, Illustrations by Alan Pearson, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012

A Field Guide to the Birds of Java and Bali (second edition) by MacKinnon, John, Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta 1990

Burung Nusantara checklist of Birds of Indonesia

Danh Lục Các Loài Chim ở Việt Nam (Latinh, Việt, Pháp, Hán) Trần Văn Chánh 2008-2009