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Paridae
山雀科
shān-què kē

山雀科
shān-què kē

シジュウカラ科
shijū-kara ka

박새과
bak-sae-gwa

Họ Bạc má

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General

Information is from dictionaries and other sources. Comments and corrections welcome. Hover over Green Lettering Green lettering at this site hides a tool tip with glosses, further explanations, etc. Hover cursor to reveal. to see additional information.

Ornithologically, tits are known in Chinese as 山雀 shān-què meaning 'mountain-sparrow' or 'mountain-finch'. (Note that the character què in Chinese was originally applied narrowly to the 'sparrow', and later more broadly to finches and other small passerines.)

山雀 shān-què does not appear to have originally referred to the tits in Chinese, being simply a name for mountain sparrows or mountain passerines (note). However, in the earliest list of Chinese ornithological names, Chinese Birds (35) published in 1927, 山雀 shān-què is suggested as the Chinese term for the tits. Given that list's widespread adoption of Japanese terms, it is a possibility that 山雀 shān-què is based on the Japanese name of the Varied Tit, ヤマガラ yama-gara, written 山雀, which was then extended to the rest of the Paridae.

Aside from the Paridae, the Aegithalidae are also known as 山雀 shān-què in Taiwanese naming.

In Mainland usage, 山雀 shān-què is frequently abbreviated to què in ornithological names related to the tits. In Taiwanese naming, owing to a lesser number of species to name and the adoption of different names, there are very few cases where què stands in for 山雀 shān-què. One is in the naming of the Remizidae as 'climbing finches'; another is in family names such as 雀眉科 què-méi kē, literally 'tit-babbler family', for the Pellorneidae.

Species names

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SCIENTIFIC & ENGLISH
CHINESE
JAPANESE
OTHER
Periparus
Latin
English
Chinese (Taiwan)
Chinese (Mainland)
Other Ch
Japanese
Other J
Korean
Vietnamese
Periparus ater
Parus ater
link to photolink to photo
Coal tit (煤山雀)
煤山雀
méi shān-què
'coal mountain-finch'
煤山雀
(煤山雀)
méi shān-què
'coal mountain-finch'
黑山雀
(黑山雀)
hēi shān-què
'black mountain-finch' (early ornithological) (35)
ヒガラ
(日雀)
hi-gara
'sun tit'
  진박새
jin-bak-sae
'true ? tit-bird'
 
Sittiparus
Latin
English
Chinese (Taiwan)
Chinese (Mainland)
Other Ch
Japanese
Other J
Korean
Vietnamese
Sittiparus varius
Parus varius
Poecile varia
link to photolink to photo
Varied tit (赤腹山雀)
赤腹山雀
chì-fù shān-què
'red-bellied mountain-finch'
杂色山雀
(雜色山雀)
zá-sè shān-què
'mixed colour mountain-finch'
(杂山雀)
雜山雀
zá shān-què
'mixed mountain-finch'
ヤマガラ
(山雀)
yama-gara
'mountain tit'
ヤマガラメ
(山雀)
yama-garame
'mountain tit'
곤줄박이
gonjulbagi
'variedtit'
 
Parus
Latin
English
Chinese (Taiwan)
Chinese (Mainland)
Other Ch
Japanese
Other J
Korean
Vietnamese
Parus monticolus
link to photo
Green-backed tit (青背山雀)
青背山雀
qīng-bèi shān-què
'green/blue-backed mountain-finch'
绿背山雀
(綠背山雀)
lǜ-bèi shān-què
'green-backed mountain-finch'
  キバラシジュウカラ
(黄腹四十雀)
ki-bara shijū-kara
'yellow-bellied forty tit'
    Chim Bạc má bụng vàng
'yellow-bellied silver-cheek bird' (12, 13, 34)
Parus cinereus Cinereous Tit (白颊山雀)
白頰山雀
bái-jiá shān-què
'white-cheeked mountain-finch'
苍背山雀
(蒼背山雀)
cāng-bèi shān-què
'darkblue-backed mountain-finch' (Internet)
(白脸山雀)
白臉山雀
bái-liǎn shān-què
'white-faced mountain-finch'
(白面公)
白面公
bái-miàn gōng
'white faced duke'
(白面只)
白面只
bái-miàn zhī
'white-faced zhi'
(灰山雀)
灰山雀
huī shān-què
'grey mountain-finch'
(黑子)
黑子
hēi-zi
'black fellow'
(仔仔黑)
仔仔黑
zǎizǎi-hēi
'zaizai black'
(吇吇黑)
吇吇黑
zǐzǐ hēi
'zizi black'
(吱吱嘿)
吱吱嘿
zhīzhī hēi
'zhizhi black'
(山仔仔黑)
山仔仔黑
shān zǎizǎi hēi
'mountain zaizai black'
(吱吱红)
吱吱紅
zhī-zhī hóng
'zhi-zhi red'
(羊粪蛋)
羊糞蛋
yáng fèn-dàn
'sheep manure ball'
(花脸雀)
花臉雀
huā-liǎn què
'flower-faced finch'
(花脸王)
花臉王
huā-liǎn wáng
'flower-faced king'
(子归鸟)
子歸鳥
zǐ-guī niǎo
'child return bird'
(吱啵)
吱啵
zhībo
'zhibo'
シジュウカラ
(四十雀)
shijū-kara
'forty tit'
  박새
bak-sae
'tit-bird'
Chim Bạc má
'silver-cheek bird' (12, 13, 34)
Machlolophus
Latin
English
Chinese (Taiwan)
Chinese (Mainland)
Other Ch
Japanese
Other J
Korean
Vietnamese
Machlolophus holsti
Parus holsti
link to photo
Yellow tit
Formosan yellow tit
Taiwan yellow tit
(黄山雀)
黃山雀
huáng shān-què
'yellow mountain-finch'
台湾黄山雀
(台灣黄山雀)
táiwān huáng shān-què
'Taiwan yellow mountain-finch'
  タイワンシジュウカラ
(台湾四十雀)
taiwan shijū-kara
'Taiwanese forty tit'
     

The word 山雀 shān-què is found in the Imperial Pentaglot Manchu Mirror (御製五體清文鑑 yùzhì wǔtǐ qīngwén jiàn) of the late eighteenth century as a translation of Manchu alin-i cecike. Auf kaiserlichen Befehl erstelltes Wörterbuch des Manjurischen in fünf Sprachen „Fünfsprachenspiegel“ (Harrassowitz 2013) glosses this entry as Bergsperling, the usual German term for Passer montanus. The Mongolian translation is given as Хадны болжмор khadnii boljmor literally 'rock lark' or 'mountain sparrow', depending on the interpretation. In modern Inner Mongolian ornithological usage this refers to Passer rutilans or Petronia petronia, although this is clearly just a calque on Chinese 山麻雀 shān má-què 'mountain sparrow' or 石雀 shí-què 'rock sparrow'.

The term 山雀 shān-què 'mountain finch' (or 'mountain sparrow') is the ornithological name for the tits (Paridae). The name has possibly been influenced by Japanese ヤマガラ yama-gara, written 山雀, which is the name of the Varied Tit (Sittiparus varius). Within the Paridae, Mainland usage now reserves 山雀 for species that at the time belonged to the genus Parus. Other genera use the abbreviated form 雀 què.

Chinese ornithologists reserved the term 山雀 shān-què 'mountain finch' (or 'mountain sparrow') for the genus Parus. Other genera are simply called 雀 què 'sparrow/finch. With Parus now split into several genera, the motivation for this distinction has been lost.

中国鸟类种和亚种分类名录大全(修订版) 郑作新 著 科学出版社 北京 2000年
A Complete Checklist of Species and Subspecies of the Chinese Birds (Revised Edition) by Cheng Tso-Hsin, Science Press, Beijing 2000

中国鸟类分类与分布名录 主编:郑光美 科学出版社 北京 2005年
A Checklist on the Classification and Distribution of the Birds of China Chief editor: Zheng Guangmei, Science Press, Beijing 2005

中国鸟类野外手册(中文版)约翰・马敬能、卡伦・菲利普斯,合作者:荷芬奇,翻译:卢和芬 湖南教育出版社 长沙 2000年
A Field Guide to the Birds of China (Chinese translation) by John MacKinnon, Karen Phillipps, in collaboration with He Fen-qi, translated by Lu Hefen, Hunan Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Hunan Educational Press) Changsha 2000

世界鸟类分类与分布名录 主编:郑光美 科学出版社 北京 2002年
A Checklist on the Classification and Distribution of the Birds of the World Chief editor: Zheng Guangmei, Science Press, Beijing 2002

世界鸟类名称(拉丁文、汉文、英文对照)第二版 郑作新等 科学出版社 北京 2002年
Birds of the World (Latin, Chinese and English Names) 2nd ed. by Cheng Tso-Hsin et al, Science Press, Beijing 2002

中国鸟类分布名录 第二版 郑作新 科学出版社 北京 1976年
(Checklist of the Classification of Birds of China 2nd edition by Cheng Tso-Hsin, Science Press, Beijing 1976)

香港及華南鳥類(第六版)(翻譯成中文及重新修訂) 尹璉、費嘉倫、林超英 香港性徵特區政府新聞處政府印務局 1994年
Birds of Hong Kong and South China (6th edition, translated into Chinese and newly revised) by Clive Viney, Karen Phillipps, Lin Chaoying, Hong Kong Govt. Press 1994

Danh Lục Chim Việt Nam (In lần thứ hai) (Checklist of the Birds of Vietnam) Võ Quý, Nguyễn Cử, Nhà Xuất Bản Nông Nghiệp, Hà Nội 1999

Chim Việt Nam Nguyễn Cử, Lê Trọng Trải, Karen Phillipps; Nhà Xuất Bản Lao Động - Xã Hội, 2000

Danh Lục Các Loài Chim ở Việt Nam (Latinh, Việt, Pháp, Hán) Trần Văn Chánh 2008-2009

Chinese Birds (A Tentative List of Chinese Birds) 中國鳥類(中國鳥類目錄試編) N. Gist Gee, Lacy I. Moffett, G. D. Wilder (祁天錫, 慕維德, 萬卓志), Peiping, 1927 (reprinted 1948)