General
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Tits are not a prominent part of the Thai avifauna and did not have their own general name in Thai until one was assigned by a modern ornithologist. Prior to that time tits, and the other smallest insect-eating native birds, were collectively referred to by the onomatopoetic name นกกระจิบ nók krà-cìp, which is today ornithologically restricted to the tailorbirds (genus Orthotomus) and prinias (Cisticolidae).
The new Thai tit general name was closely patterned after English usage, not only resembling English 'tit' in sound, but also applied to the same three families called tits in English (Paridae, Remizidae, and Aegithalidae).
There have actually been three successive Thai tit general names in recent years. Although similar in appearance, each is spelt differently and is pronounced with a different tone.
1. The first tit name นกติ้ด nók tît (here called 'tit1') is used in the text of (18), but not in the index. It is also used in most of the names in (19).
2. The second tit name นกติ๊ด nók tít (here called 'tit2') initially appears in the index of (18), in two names in (19), and exclusively in (20 and 20a).
3. The third (and current) tit name นกติต nók tìt (here called 'tit3') is used exclusively in (21, 22, and 23).
In (18) and in (19) the use of two different tit names is clearly unintentional, most likely resulting from typesetting errors which were too costly to correct at the time. Because these books have been widely used for many years, their versions of the tit names are included here in the tables exactly as printed. Complete replacement of the first tit name นกติ้ด nók tît 'tit1' in (20) by the original author suggests that the second tit name นกติ๊ด nók tít 'tit2' is the form intended from the start.
However, the second tit name นกติ๊ด nók tít 'tit2' is susceptible to misinterpretation. There is an old munia general name นกกระติ๊ด nók krà-tít (or นกกะติ๊ด nók kà-tít) which has been ornithologically regularised as a general name for estrildids (Estrildidae), and also extended to grosbeaks (Fringillidae). Historically, there is no evidence that tits and munias (or tits and grosbeaks) have ever shared the same Thai names. The inclusion of ติ๊ด tít in both the modern name นกติ๊ด nók tít 'tit2' and in the old name นกก(ร)ะติ๊ด nók k(r)à-tít 'munia' could be incorrectly interpreted as implying a relationship between the two groups.
It is to eliminate these unwanted implications that the third tit general name นกติต nók tìt 'tit3' was adopted. In addition to a change in tone, orthographically it also has a different final consonant.
To distinguish the family name of the Paridae, (20) used วงศ์นกติ๊ดแท้ woŋ nók tít tʰáee 'true-tit family', but this has not been used elsewhere or in species names. More recent practice (22, 23) has been to use วงศ์นกติต woŋ nók tìt 'tit family' for the Paridae.
Species names
ABOUT THIS TABLESCIENTIFIC & WESTERN |
THAI |
OTHER S. E. ASIAN |
EAST ASIAN |
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| Cephalopyrus | ||||||||
Latin |
English |
Thai |
Other Th |
Malaysian |
Indonesian |
Vietnamese |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Cephalopyrus flammiceps |
Fire-capped tit | นกติตหน้าแดง nók tìt nâa-daeeŋ 'red-faced tit3 (bird)' (21, 22, 23) (conflicts with Aegithalos concinnus) |
นกติ๊ดหน้าแดง nók tít nâa-daeeŋ 'red-faced tit2 (bird)' (19, 20, 20a) นกติตหัวแดง nók tìt hŭa-daeeŋ 'red-headed tit3 (bird)' (alt in 21) นกติ้ดหน้าแดง nók tît nâa-daeeŋ 'red-faced tit1 (bird)' (18) |
火冠雀 (火冠雀) 'fire-crested finch' (1, 2, 3, 4) 火帽雀 (火帽雀) 'fire-hatted finch' (5) |
ベニビタイガラ (紅額雀) beni-bitai gara 'red-foreheaded tit' |
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| Sylviparus | ||||||||
Latin |
English |
Thai |
Other Th |
Malaysian |
Indonesian |
Vietnamese |
Chinese |
Japanese |
| Sylviparus modestus |
Yellow-browed tit | นกติตคิ้วเหลือง nók tìt kʰíw-lĕuaŋ 'yellow-eyebrowed tit3 (bird)' (21, 22, 23) |
นกติ๊ดคิ้วเหลือง nók tít-kʰíw-lĕuaŋ 'yellow-eyebrowed tit2 (bird)' (20, 20a) นกติ้ดคิ้วเหลือง nók tît kʰíw-lĕuaŋ 'yellow-eyebrowed tit1 (bird)' (18, 19) |
Chim Bạc má rừng 'forest silver-cheek bird' (12, 13, 34) |
黄眉林雀 (黄眉林雀) 'yellow-eyebrowed forest-finch' |
メジロガラ (目白雀) me-jiro gara 'white-eyed tit' |
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| Melanochlora | ||||||||
Latin |
English |
Thai |
Other Th |
Malaysian |
Indonesian |
Vietnamese |
Chinese |
Japanese |
| Melanochlora sultanea Parus sultanea |
Sultan tit | นกติตสุลต่าน nók tìt sŭnlatàan 'sultan tit3 (bird)' (21, 22, 23) |
นกติ๊ดสุลต่าน nók tít sŭnlatàan 'sultan tit2 (bird)' (20, 20a) นกติ้ดสุลต่าน nók tît sŭnlatàan 'sultan tit1 (bird)' (18, 19) |
Burung Serai Raja 'king palace-bird' Burung Serai Sultan 'sultan palace-bird' |
Burung Gelatuk-batu Gunung 'mountain rock chatterer (bird)' (onomat.) (cf Java sparrow) |
Chim mào vàng 'yellow crested bird' (12) |
冕雀 (冕雀) 'official-headdress finch' |
サルタンガラ (サルタン雀) sarutan gara 'sultan tit' |
| Parus | ||||||||
Latin |
English |
Thai |
Other Th |
Malaysian |
Indonesian |
Vietnamese |
Chinese |
Japanese |
| Parus cinereus | Cinereous Tit |
นกติตใหญ่ nók tìt yày 'large tit3 (bird)' (21, 22, 23) |
นกติ๊ดใหญ่ nók tít yày 'large tit2 (bird)' (20, 20a) นกติ้ดใหญ่ nók tît yày 'large tit1 (bird)' (18, 19) |
Burung Serai Bakau 'mangrove palace-bird' (24, 26, 27) |
Burung Gelatuk-batu Kelabu 'grey rock chatterer (bird)' (onomat.) (cf Java sparrow) |
Chim Bạc má 'silver-cheek bird' (12, 13, 34) |
大山雀 (大山雀) 'large mountain-finch' Taiwan: (白颊山雀) 白頰山雀 'white-cheeked mountain-finch' |
シジュウカラ (四十雀) shijū-kara 'forty tit' |
| Machlolophus | ||||||||
Latin |
English |
Thai |
Other Th |
Malaysian |
Indonesian |
Vietnamese |
Chinese |
Japanese |
| Machlolophus spilonotus Parus spilonotus |
Yellow-cheeked tit Chinese yellow tit |
นกติตแก้มเหลือง nók tìt kʰâeem-lĕuaŋ 'yellow-cheeked tit3 (bird)' (21, 22, 23) |
นกติ๊ดแก้มเหลือง nók tít kʰâeem-lĕuaŋ 'yellow-cheeked tit2 (bird)' (20, 20a) นกติ้ดแก้มเหลือง nók tît kʰâeem-lĕuaŋ 'yellow-cheeked tit1 (bird)' (18, 19) |
Chim Bạc má mào 'crested silver-cheek bird' (12, 13) |
黄颊山雀 (黃頰山雀) 'yellow-cheeked mountain-finch' |
ルリカンムリガラ (瑠璃冠雀 or 琉璃冠雀) ruri kanmuri gara 'lapis lazuli crested tit' |
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Chinese ornithologists reserved the term 山雀 shān-què 'mountain finch' (or 'mountain sparrow') for the genus Parus. Other genera are simply called 雀 què 'sparrow/finch. With Parus now split into several genera, the motivation for this distinction has been lost.
The term 山雀 shān-què 'mountain finch' (or 'mountain sparrow') is the ornithological name for the tits (Paridae). The name has possibly been influenced by Japanese ヤマガラ yama-gara, written 山雀, which is the name of the Varied Tit (Sittiparus varius). Within the Paridae, Mainland usage now reserves 山雀 for species that at the time belonged to the genus Parus. Other genera use the abbreviated form 雀 què.
นกติ้ด nók tît 'tit1' in (18, 19) is used for birds called 'tits' in English. In addition to the Paridae, these include the Remizidae and the Aegithalidae.
นกติ๊ด nók tít 'tit2' in (18, 19, 20, 20a) is used for birds called 'tits' in English. In addition to the Paridae, these include the Remizidae and the Aegithalidae. นกติ๊ด nók tít 'tit2' is not related to older นกก(ร)ะติ๊ด nók k(r)à-tít 'munia', used in most estrildid (Estrildidae) names and also for grosbeaks (Fringillidae), although both include ติ๊ด tít.
นกติต nók tìt 'tit3' in (21, 22, 23) is used for all birds called 'tits' in English. In addition to the Paridae, these include the Remizidae and the Aegithalidae.
中国鸟类种和亚种分类名录大全（修订版） 郑作新 著 科学出版社 北京 2000年
A Complete Checklist of Species and Subspecies of the Chinese Birds (Revised Edition) by Cheng Tso-Hsin, Science Press, Beijing 2000
中国鸟类分类与分布名录 主编：郑光美 科学出版社 北京 2005年
A Checklist on the Classification and Distribution of the Birds of China Chief editor: Zheng Guangmei, Science Press, Beijing 2005
中国鸟类野外手册（中文版）约翰・马敬能、卡伦・菲利普斯，合作者：荷芬奇，翻译：卢和芬 湖南教育出版社 长沙 2000年
A Field Guide to the Birds of China (Chinese translation) by John MacKinnon, Karen Phillipps, in collaboration with He Fen-qi, translated by Lu Hefen, Hunan Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Hunan Educational Press) Changsha 2000
世界鸟类分类与分布名录 主编：郑光美 科学出版社 北京 2002年
A Checklist on the Classification and Distribution of the Birds of the World Chief editor: Zheng Guangmei, Science Press, Beijing 2002
世界鸟类名称（拉丁文、汉文、英文对照）第二版 郑作新等 科学出版社 北京 2002年
Birds of the World (Latin, Chinese and English Names) 2nd ed. by Cheng Tso-Hsin et al, Science Press, Beijing 2002
Danh Lục Chim Việt Nam (In lần thứ hai) (Checklist of the Birds of Vietnam) Võ Quý, Nguyễn Cử, Nhà Xuất Bản Nông Nghiệp, Hà Nội 1999
Chim Việt Nam Nguyễn Cử, Lê Trọng Trải, Karen Phillipps; Nhà Xuất Bản Lao Động - Xã Hội, 2000
Bird Guide of Thailand by Lekagul, Boonsong, Ramin Press, Bangkok 1968
Bird Guide of Thailand 2nd edition by Lekagul, Boonsong and Edward W. Cronin, Jr., Kurusapa Ladprao Press, Bangkok 1974
A guide to the Birds of Thailand by Lekagul, Boonsong and Philip D. Round, Saha Karn Bhaet Co., Ltd., Bangkok 1991
Check-list of Thai Birds Round, Philip D., Bird Conservation Society of Thailand, Bangkok 2008. Draft version downloaded from the site of the Bird Conservation Society of Thailand in 2009 but no longer posted there, an expanded update of the species included in Lekagul & Round 1991
นกในเมืองไทย (Birds in Thailand) by รศ. โอภาส ขอบเขตต์ (Assoc. Prof. Obhas Khobkhet), Sarakadee Press, Bangkok 1998
นกเมืองไทย (Birds [of] Thailand) by จารุจินต์ นภีตะภัฏ, กานต์ เลขะกุล, วัชระ สงวนสมบติ (Jarujin Nabhitabata, Karn Lekagul, Wachara Sanguansombat), คณะบุคคล นายแพทย์ บุญส่ง เลขะกุล (Dr Boonsong Lekagul Group), Bangkok 2007
นกเมืองไทย (Birds [of] Thailand) by จารุจินต์ นภีตะภัฏ, กานต์ เลขะกุล, วัชระ สงวนสมบติ (Jarujin Nabhitabata, Karn Lekagul, Wachara Sanguansombat), คณะบุคคล นายแพทย์ บุญส่ง เลขะกุล (Dr Boonsong Lekagul Group), Bangkok 2012
Senarai Nama-nama Burung Semenanjung Malaysia dan Asia Tenggara by Ismail, Abdul Rahman, Perhilitan (Jabatam Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara, Semenanjung Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur 1981
(List of the Names of Birds of Peninsular Malaysia and Southeast Asia by Ismail, Abdul Rahman, Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 1981)
The Birds of the Thai-Malay Peninsula: Vol. 1 - Non-passerines by Wells, David R., Academic Press, London 1999
A Field Guide to the Birds of West Malaysia and Singapore by Jeyarajasingam, Allen and Alan Pearson, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1999
The Birds of the Thai-Malay Peninsula: Vol. 2 - Passerines by Wells, David R., Christopher Helm, A&C Black, London 2007
A Field Guide to the Birds of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore (second edition) by Jeyarajasingham, Allen, Illustrations by Alan Pearson, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012
A Field Guide to the Birds of Java and Bali (second edition) by MacKinnon, John, Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta 1990
Danh Lục Các Loài Chim ở Việt Nam (Latinh, Việt, Pháp, Hán) Trần Văn Chánh 2008-2009
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