General
Information is from dictionaries and other sources. Species list may not be current. Korean glosses are tentative. Comments and corrections welcome. Hover over Green Lettering Green lettering at this site hides a tool tip with glosses, further explanations, etc. Hover cursor to reveal. to see additional information.
The Japanese ornithological name for the thrushes in general is ツグミ tsugumi, written with the Chinese character 鶇. Unmodified, ツグミ tsugumi refers to the Dusky Thrush (Turdus eunomus). The name is possibly etymologically related to the verb つぐむ tsugumu (噤む or 鉗む) meaning 'to close the mouth'.
Use of the character 鶇 to write ツグミ tsugumi is a Japanese innovation. In Chinese, 鶇 originally occurred in the word 鶇鵛 , referring to the Wryneck. It clearly belongs to that class of character that was pressed into service to write a Japanese word in the absence of suitable alternatives. The modern Chinese use of 鶇 for the thrushes is not historically based and came about under the influence of Japanese.
Japanese has several older words for thrush. シナイ shinai (
) in Classical Japanese referred to the larger thrushes. ヌエ (鵺) nue 'nue' is an old name for the White's Thrush that was also the name of a monster in mediaeval Japanese lore.
The modern ornithological names were fixed in the 19th century. Most species contain the word ツグミ tsugumi, but there are a number that have distinctive names:
1. Some names are based on the colours of body parts. These include:
シロハラ shiro-hara (白腹) 'white-belly' for the Pale Thrush (Turdus pallidus).
アカハラ aka-hara (赤腹) 'red-belly' for the Brown-headed Thrush (Turdus chrysolaus) and the Grey-backed Thrush (Turdus hortulorum).
マミジロ (眉白) mami-jiro 'white-eyebrow' for the Siberian Thrush (Geokichla sibirica).
2. The Eyebrowed Thrush (Turdus obscurus) uses the old name シナイ shinai (
3. The Eurasian Blackbird (Turdus merula), now split as the Eastern Blackbird (Turdus mandarinus), is known as the クロウタドリ (黒歌鳥) kuro uta-dori 'black song bird'.
4. One localised species, the Izu Islands Thrush (Turdus celaenops), uses the dialect name アカコッコ (赤鶇 or 赤こっこ) aka-kokko 'red kokko' .
Species names
| TURDINAE | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SCIENTIFIC & WESTERN |
JAPANESE |
CHINESE |
KOREAN |
||||
| Zoothera | |||||||
Latin |
Eng, Fr, Ger, Ru |
Japanese |
Other J |
Chinese |
Chinese (Taiwan) |
Other Ch |
Korean |
| Zoothera aurea | White's Thrush White's thrush Golden mountain thrush White's ground thrush Grive dorée Erddrossel |
トラツグミ (虎鶇) tora tsugumi 'tiger thrush' |
ヌエドリ (鵼鳥) nue-dori 'nue bird' ヌエ (鵼 ~ 鵺) nue 'nue' ヌエコドリ (鵼子鳥) nueko-dori 'nueko bird' |
怀氏虎鸫 (懐氏虎鶇) 'Mr Huai's tiger-thrush' (36) |
(白氏地鸫) 白氏地鶇 'Mr White's ground-thrush' |
顿鸡 (頓雞) 'pausing fowl/chicken' (?) meaning unclear (northern) (35) 画眉 (畫眉) 'paiinted eyebrow' (35, from Zool. Nomen.) 大花麦鴓 (大花麥鴓) 'large-flower grain mie' See also Turdus pallidus 虎鸫 (虎鶇) 'tiger thrush' (former Taiwan ornithologicall name for Zoothera dauma and Zoothera aurea) 虎斑山鸫 (虎斑山鶇) 'tiger-striped mountain-thrush' |
호랑지빠귀 horang-jippagwi 'tiger-and-wolf thrush' |
Zoothera major |
Amami thrush Grive d'Amami Amami-Erddrossel |
オオトラツグミ (大虎鶇) ō tora tsugumi 'large tiger thrush' |
阿迈地鸫 (阿邁地鶇) 'Amai ground-thrush' (4) |
||||
| Zoothera dauma Turdus dauma |
Scaly thrush White's thrush Grive dorée Erddrossel Пестрый дрозд |
コトラツグミ (小虎鶇) ko tora tsugumi 'small tiger thrush'  Taxonomy |
虎斑地鸫 (虎斑地鶇) 'tiger-striped ground-thrush' |
(虎斑地鸫) 虎斑地鶇 'tiger-striped ground-thrush' |
虎鸫 (虎鶇) 'tiger thrush' (former Taiwan ornithological name for Zoothera dauma and Zoothera aurea) |
||
| Zoothera terrestris | Bonin thrush Bonin Island ground thrush Kittlitz's thrush Grive des Bonin Bonin-Erddrossel |
オガサワラガビチョウ (小笠原画眉鳥) ogasawara gabi-chō 'Bonin painted-eyebrow-bird' (extinct) |
启利氏地鸫 (啓利氏地鶇) 'Mr Qili's ground-thrush' (5) |
||||
| Geokichla | |||||||
Latin |
Eng, Fr, Ger, Ru |
Japanese |
Other J |
Chinese |
Chinese (Taiwan) |
Other Ch |
Korean |
| Geokichla sibirica Zoothera sibirica Turdus sibiricus |
Siberian thrush Siberian ground thrush Grive de Sibérie Schieferdrossel Сибирский дрозд |
マミジロ (眉白) mami-jiro 'white-eyebrow' |
マユシロ (眉白) mayu-shiro 'white-eyebrow' |
白眉地鸫 (白眉地鶇) 'white- eyebrowed ground-thrush' |
(白眉地鸫) 白眉地鶇 'white-eyebrowed ground-thrush' |
白眉 (白眉) 'white-eyebrow' (35, from Zool. Nomen.) 西比利亚陆鸫 (西比利亞陸鶇) 'Siberian land thrush' (early ornithological) (35) |
흰눈썹지빠귀 huin-nunsseop-jippagwi 'white-eyebrowed thrush' |
| Turdus | |||||||
Latin |
Eng, Fr, Ger, Ru |
Japanese |
Other J |
Chinese |
Chinese (Taiwan) |
Other Ch |
Korean |
| Turdus viscivorus |
Mistle thrush Mistletoe thrush Grive draine Misteldrossel Деряба |
ヤドリギツグミ (宿木鶇) yadori-gi tsugumi 'mistletoe thrush' |
槲鸫 (槲鶇) 'mistletoe thrush' |
||||
| Turdus philomelos |
Song thrush European song thrush Grive musicienne Singdrossel Певчий дрозд |
ウタツグミ (歌鶇) uta-tsugumi 'song thrush' |
欧歌鸫 (歐歌鶇) 'European song thrush' |
歌鸫 (歌鶇) 'song thrush' |
|||
| Turdus iliacus |
Redwing Grive mauvis Rotdrossel Белобровик |
ワキアカツグミ (脇赤鶇) waki-aka tsugumi 'red-sided thrush' |
白眉歌鸫 (白眉歌鶇) 'white-eyebrowed song thrush' |
||||
| Turdus mandarinus |
Eastern blackbird Chinese Blackbird Merle de Chine Mandarinmsel |
クロウタドリ (黒歌鳥) kuro uta-dori 'black song-bird' |
ブラックバード burakku-bādo 'blackbird' (English) |
乌鸫 (烏鶇) 'black thrush' |
(黑鸫) 黑鶇 'black thrush' |
百舌 (百舌) 'hundred tongues' (see Laniidae) 反舌 (反舌) 'counter tongue' (bird 'talks back') 乌  (烏 ) 'dark chun' 乌鸟 (烏鳥) 'dark bird' 中国黑鸫 (中國黑鶇) 'Chinese black thrush' (early ornithological) (35) 黑鸟 (黑鳥) 'black bird' (early ornithological) (35) 乌鸪 (烏鴣) 'dark gu' |
대륙검은지빠귀 daeryuk-geomeun-jippagwi 'continental black thrush' |
| Turdus cardis |
Japanese thrush Japanese grey thrush Grey thrush Merle du Japon Scheckendrossel Белобрюхий дрозд |
クロツグミ (黒鶇) kuro-tsugumi 'black thrush' |
乌灰鸫 (烏灰鶇) 'black grey thrush' |
(乌灰鸫) 烏灰鶇 'black grey thrush' |
Taiwan formerly: (灰鸫) 灰鶇 'grey thrush' 黑鸫 (黑鶇) 'black thrush' (35, from Zool. Nomen.) Planesticus cardis cardis: 日本灰鸫 (日本灰鶇) 'Japanese grey thrush' (early ornithological) (35) Planesticus cardis lateus: 中国灰鸫 (中國灰鶇) 'Chinese grey thrush' (early ornithological) (35) |
검은지빠귀 geomeun-jippagwi 'black thrush' |
|
Latin |
Eng, Fr, Ger, Ru |
Japanese |
Other J |
Chinese |
Chinese (Taiwan) |
Other Ch |
Korean |
| Turdus hortulorum |
Grey-backed thrush Merle à dos gris Gartendrossel Сизый дрозд |
カラアカハラ (唐赤腹) kara aka-hara 'Chinese red-belly' |
灰背鸫 (灰背鶇) 'grey-backed thrush' |
(灰背鸫) 灰背鶇 'grey-backed thrush' |
鹛鸹 (鶥鴰) 'eyebrow crow' (35, from Zool. Nomen.) 金胸鸫 (金胸鶇) 'gold-breasted thrush' (early ornithological) (35) or 灰背鸫 (灰背鶇) 'grey-backed thrush' (early ornithological) (35) |
되지빠귀 doe-jippagwi 'doe thrush' |
|
| Turdus obscurus |
Eyebrowed thrush Eye-browed thrush Merle obscur Weißbrauendrossel Дрозд оливковый |
マミチャジナイ (眉茶 )mami cha-jinai 'eyebrowed brown thrush1' |
白眉鸫 (白眉鶇) 'white-eyebrowed thrush' |
(白眉鸫) 白眉鶇 'white-eyebrowed thrush' |
眉鸫 (眉鶇) 'eyebrowed thrush' (7) (灰頭鶇) 灰头鸫 'grey-headed thrush' (early ornithological) (35) |
흰눈썹붉은배지빠귀 huin-nunsseop-bulgeun-bae-jippagwi 'white-eyebrowed red-bellied thrush' |
|
| Turdus celaenops |
Izu islands thrush Izu thrush Seven islands thrush Merle des Izu Kurodadrossel |
アカコッコ (赤鶇 or 赤こっこ) aka-kokko 'red kokko' (dialect)' (kokko can be written 1. 'thrush' in Chinese characters or 2. in hiragana) |
伊岛鸫 (伊島鶇) 'Yi island thrush' (4) 七岛鸫 (七島鶇) 'seven island thrush' (5) |
||||
| Turdus chrysolaus |
Brown-headed thrush Red-billed thrush Rufous-breasted thrush Brown thrush Merle à flancs roux Rotkopfdrossel Золотистый дрозд |
アカハラ (赤腹) aka-hara 'red-belly' |
赤胸鸫 (赤胸鶇) 'red-breasted thrush' |
(赤腹鸫) 赤腹鶇 'red-bellied thrush' |
红腹鸫 (紅腹鶇) 'red-bellied thrush' (7) 赤腹鸫 (赤腹鶇) 'red-bellied thrush'(35, from Zool. Nomen) 日本褐色鸫 (日本褐色鶇) 'Japanese rown thrush' (early ornithological) (35) |
붉은배지빠귀 bulgeun-bae-jippagwi 'red-bellied thrush' |
|
| Turdus pallidus |
Pale thrush Merle pâle Fahldrossel Бледный дрозд |
シロハラ (白腹) shiro-hara 'white-belly' |
白腹鸫 (白腹鶇) 'white-bellied thrush' |
(白腹鸫) 白腹鶇 'white-bellied thrush' |
白眉鸫 (白眉鶇) 'white-eyebrowed thrush' 白眉白腹鸫 (白眉白腹鶇) 'white-eyebrowed white-bellied thrush' 灰头鸫 (灰頭鶇) 'grey-headed thrush' 浅色鸫 (淺色鶇) 'light-coloured thrush' (early ornithological) (35) 灰头穿草鸡 (灰頭穿草雞) 'grey-headed through-grass fowl/chicken' (See T. naumanni) 银锭 (銀錠) 'silver ingot' 白眉灰麦鴓 (白眉灰麥鴓) 'white-eyebrowed grey grain mie' (鴓 = warbler, see Phylloscopus coronatus, Anthus hodgsoni, and Zoothera aurea) |
흰배지빠귀 huin-bae-jippagwi 'white-bellied thrush' |
|
Latin |
Eng, Fr, Ger, Ru |
Japanese |
Other J |
Chinese |
Chinese (Taiwan) |
Other Ch |
Korean |
| Turdus pilaris |
Fieldfare Grive litorne Wacholderdrossel Рябинник |
ノハラツグミ (野原鶇) no-hara tsugumi 'field thrush' |
田鸫 (田鶇) 'paddy thrush' |
||||
| Turdus naumanni |
Naumann's thrush Grive de Naumann Naumann-Drossel Дрозд Науманна |
ハチジョウツグミ (八丈鶇) hachi-jō tsugumi 'Hachijō thrush' |
红尾鸫 (紅尾鶇) 'red-tailed thrush' (2) 斑鸫 (斑鶇) 'striped thrush' (1, 3, 4, 5) |
(红尾鸫) 紅尾鶇 'red-tailed thrush' |
八丈鸫 (八丈鶇) 'Hachi-jo thrush' (from Japanese) 赤尾鸫 (赤尾鶇) 'red-tailed thrush' (35, from Zool. Nomen) 穿草鸡 (穿草雞) 'pass through grass fowl/chicken' (northern) (35) 北画眉 (北畫眉) 'northern painted-eyebrown (=hwamei)' (northern) (35) 红尾鸫 (紅尾雞) 'red-tailed thrush' (early ornithological) (35) |
노랑지빠귀 norang-jippagwi 'yellow thrush' |
|
| Turdus eunomusTaxonomy |
Dusky thrush Grive à ailes rousses Rostflügeldrossel Бурый дрозд |
ツグミ (鶇) tsugumi 'thrush' |
シナイ ( )shinai 'thrush1' (old word for thrush) |
斑鸫 (斑鶇) 'striped thrush' (2) |
(斑点鸫) 斑點鶇 'stripe-dotted thrush' |
穿草鸡 (穿草雞) 'pass through grass fowl/chicken' (31) 窜儿鸡 (竄兒雞) 'hiding / slinking away fowl' (meaning unclear) 斑点鸫 (斑點雞) 'stripe-dotted thrush' (early ornithological) (35) |
개똥지빠귀 gaettong-jippagwi 'gaettong thrush' |
| Turdus ruficollis |
Red-throated thrush Dark-throated thrush Red-necked thrush Black-throated thrush Grive à gorge rousse Rotkehldrossel Краснозобый дрозд |
ノドグロツグミ (喉黒鶇) nodo-guro tsugumi 'black-throated thrush' |
赤颈鸫 (赤頸鶇) 'red-collared thrush' |
(赤颈鸫) 赤頸鶇 'red-collared thrush' |
红脖鸫 (紅脖雞) 'red-throated thrush' (early ornithological) (35) |
붉은목지빠귀 bulgeun-mok-jippagwi 'red-throated thrush' |
|
The term 畫眉鳥 gabi-chō 'painted-eyebrow-bird' is from Chinese 畫眉 huà-méi 'painted-eyebrow', which primarily refers to the Hwamei or Melodious Laughing-thrush (Leiothrichidae). It has been extended in ornithological Japanese to many of the laughing-thrushes (Garrulax and related genera) and occasionally other families.
The species is a relatively rare winter visitor to Japan. The name is apparently due to the capture of a specimen on Hachijo-jima, the southernmost of the Izu Islands.
中国鸟类种和亚种分类名录大全（修订版） 郑作新 著 科学出版社 北京 2000年
A Complete Checklist of Species and Subspecies of the Chinese Birds (Revised Edition) by Cheng Tso-Hsin, Science Press, Beijing 2000
中国鸟类分类与分布名录 主编：郑光美 科学出版社 北京 2005年
A Checklist on the Classification and Distribution of the Birds of China Chief editor: Zheng Guangmei, Science Press, Beijing 2005
中国鸟类野外手册（中文版）约翰・马敬能、卡伦・菲利普斯，合作者：荷芬奇，翻译：卢和芬 湖南教育出版社 长沙 2000年
A Field Guide to the Birds of China (Chinese translation) by John MacKinnon, Karen Phillipps, in collaboration with He Fen-qi, translated by Lu Hefen, Hunan Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Hunan Educational Press) Changsha 2000
世界鸟类分类与分布名录 主编：郑光美 科学出版社 北京 2002年
A Checklist on the Classification and Distribution of the Birds of the World Chief editor: Zheng Guangmei, Science Press, Beijing 2002
世界鸟类名称（拉丁文、汉文、英文对照）第二版 郑作新等 科学出版社 北京 2002年
Birds of the World (Latin, Chinese and English Names) 2nd ed. by Cheng Tso-Hsin et al, Science Press, Beijing 2002
香港及華南鳥類（第六版）（翻譯成中文及重新修訂） 尹璉、費嘉倫、林超英 香港性徵特區政府新聞處政府印務局 1994年
Birds of Hong Kong and South China (6th edition, translated into Chinese and newly revised) by Clive Viney, Karen Phillipps, Lin Chaoying, Hong Kong Govt. Press 1994
汉蒙名词术语分类词典（自然科学部分） Mongolian (Cyrillic): Хятад Монгол нэр томъёоны зүйл хуваасан толь (байгалийн шинжлэх ухааны бүлэг) (Chinese-Mongolian classified terminological dictionary, natural sciences part) by 《汉蒙名词术语分类词典》编纂委员会 Mongolian (Cyrillic): "Хятад Монгол нэр томъёоны зүйл хуваасан толь" найруулах комисс (Chinese-Mongolian classified terminological dictionary editorial committee), Inner Mongolian People's Press, Hohhot 1990
Chinese Birds (A Tentative List of Chinese Birds) 中國鳥類（中國鳥類目錄試編） N. Gist Gee, Lacy I. Moffett, G. D. Wilder (祁天錫, 慕維德, 萬卓志), Peiping, 1927 (reprinted 1948)
中国观鸟年报-中国鸟类名录 1.1 (The CBR Checklist of Birds of China v1.1)中国观鸟年报 (China Bird Review), 2010 ()
Floating Menu by Milonic |
Tool tips by Walter Zorn |
