General
The following is based on analysis of dictionaries and other sources. Comments and corrections welcome. Malaysian names are now being updated. For consistency, Vietnamese bird names (except for ducks and chickens) are preceded by the word Chim meaning 'bird'. Ornithological lists mostly omit this as understood. Hover over Green Lettering Green lettering at this site hides a tool tip with glosses, further explanations, etc. Hover cursor to reveal. to see additional information.
Members of the Phasianidae in Vietnam include the pheasants, partridges, quails, francolin, tragopans, and peafowl. The Phasianidae are important sources of game and domesticated birds. The world's domestic fowl are descended from the Red Jungle Fowl, a member of this family.
Many Vietnamese members of the Phasianidae are called Gà, which we rather genteelly gloss as 'fowl' but is also the usual term for the domestic chicken (con gà). Farmyard poultry are known as Gà vịt chim chóc 'chicken duck birds'.
There are a number of names used for the pheasants based on gà, which do not appear to have always been clearly defined.
Gà rừng means 'forest fowl', a general term for wild fowl/chickens as opposed to the domestic variety.
Gà lôi is the name of the Silver Pheasant and other gallo-pheasants. This could be interpreted as 'thunder-fowl/chicken', although the old Chu Nom script evolved a separate character () to disambiguate the bird from 'thunder' (雷). (In the tables, however, the gloss is given as 'thunder fowl/chicken'.)
Gà gô is used in a narrow sense for the Chinese Francolin, but in a broader sense is also applied to partridges and the extralimital grouse.
Gà so is possibly based on the word so 'newly-hatched chick' and is used for various partridges, especially the Mountain Bamboo Partridge.
Gà tiền ('coin fowl/chicken', possibly referring to the bird's ocelli) is used for the peacock pheasants.
As in many other languages, the word Gà 'fowl/chicken' is used for many types of bird outside the Phasianidae. This includes domesticated exotics like Gà tây 'western fowl/chicken' for the turkey and Gà sao 'starred fowl/chicken' for the guinea fowl. It also includes other wild species such as Gà nước 'water-fowl/chicken' for many of the rails (Rallidae), Gà đồng 'dong fowl/chicken' for the watercock (Rallidae), and Gà gô, which, as noted above, is used for grouse.
Apart from names using Gà, Vietnamese has several other names for members of the Phasianidae.
The Chinese Francolin is also known as Chim đa đa.
The quails (including the button quails of the Turnicidae) are normally known as Chim cun cút or Chim cút. Some dictionaries also list Chim giải as a word for 'quail'. Naturalists, on the other hand, use Cay (see below).
The Common Pheasant is known as Chim trĩ, from Chinese 雉 .
The Peacock is known as Chim công or Chim cuông. This is possibly related to Chinese 孔 (as in 孔雀 'peacock'), although the Vietnamese pronunciation of the same character when it occurs in the name of Confucius (孔子 ) is Khổng, not công.
Ornithological naming
In naming the Phasianidae, Vietnamese naturalists assign names as follows:
Vietnamese name | Genera | |
1. Those using Gà | Gà gô or Đa đa | Francolin (Francolinus) |
Gà so (here, so is possibly the word for 'newly-hatched chick') |
Hill Partridges (Arborophila) Bamboo Partridges (Bambusicola) |
|
Gà lôi 'thunder?-fowl/chicken' |
Tragopans (Tragopan) Gallo-pheasants (Lophura) |
|
Gà lừng | Vo Quy's Pheasant (Lophura hatinhensis) | |
Gà rừng 'forest fowl/chicken' |
Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus) | |
Gà tiền 'coin fowl/chicken' |
Peacock Pheasants (Polyplectron) | |
2. Other | Cay (from French caille 'quail') |
Quails (Coturnix) |
Trĩ (from Chinese 雉 zhì 'pheasant') |
Common Pheasant (Phasianus) Argus (Rheinhardtia) |
|
Công or Cuông (possibly from Chinese 孔 kǒng 'peacock') |
Peacock (Pavo) |
The most interesting of these names is Cay, a word not found in normal Vietnamese dictionaries in the meaning 'quail'. It is almost certainly a borrowing from French caille 'quail'. Naturalists have adopted Cay for the genus Coturnix because they assign the common Vietnamese word for 'quail', Cun cút, to the button quails (Turnicidae). As in most of Southeast Asia, the quintessential quails in Vietnam are the button quails rather than the phasianid quails.
Chữ NômCharacters used for phasianids in the now obsolete Chu Nom characters include:
Name | Chu Nom Images from the Vietnamese Nôm Preservation Foundation dictionary. (Errors are the sole responsibility of the author of this site) |
Gà gô | ; |
Đa đa | ; (Chinese character) |
Gà lôi | |
Gà rừng | |
Trĩ | (Chinese character) |
Species names
ROLLULINAE | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SCIENTIFIC & WESTERN |
VIETNAMESE |
EAST ASIAN |
S. E. ASIAN |
|||||
Arborophila | ||||||||
Latin |
English/French |
Vietnamese |
Other V |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Thai |
Malaysian |
Indonesian |
Arborophila torqueola |
Common
hill partridge Hill partridge Torquéole à collier |
Gà so họng đen 'black-throated hillpartridge' (gà = 'fowl') (12, 34) |
环颈山鹧鸪 (環頸山鷓鴣) 'ring-necked mountain-partridge' |
アカガシラミヤマテッケイ (赤頭深山竹鶏) aka-gashira mi-yama tekkei 'red-headed deep-mountain bamboo-fowl/chicken' |
นกกระทาดง nók krà-tʰaa-doŋ 'jungle-partridge (bird)' |
Burung Siul Bukit 'hill whistler (bird)' (24) |
||
Arborophila rufogularis |
Rufous-throated hill partridge Rufous-throated partridge Torquéole à gorge rousse |
Gà so họng hung 'reddish-throated hillpartridge' (gà = 'fowl') (12, 34) |
红喉山鹧鸪 (紅喉山鷓鴣) 'red-throated mountain-partridge' |
ノドアカミヤマテッケイ (喉赤深山竹鶏) nodo-aka mi-yama tekkei 'red-throated deep-mountain bamboo-fowl/chicken' |
นกกระทาดงคอสีแสด nók krà-tʰaa-doŋ kʰoaa-sĭi-sàeet 'red-orange-necked jungle-partridge (bird)' |
Burung Siul Rintik 'speckled whistler (bird)' (24) |
||
Arborophila brunneopectus |
Bar-backed hill partridge Bar-backed partridge Brown-breasted hill partridge Torquéole à poitrine brune |
Gà so họng trắng 'white-throated hillpartridge' (gà = 'fowl') (12) |
Gà so ngực nâu 'brown-breasted hillpartridge' (gà = 'fowl') (34) |
褐胸山鹧鸪 (褐胸山鷓鴣) 'brown-breasted mountain-partridge' |
チャムネミヤマテッケイ (茶胸深山竹鶏) cha-mune mi-yama tekkei 'brown-breasted deep-mountain bamboo-fowl/chicken' |
นกกระทาดงอกสีน้ำตาล nók krà-tʰaa-doŋ òk-sĭi-nám-taan 'brown-breasted jungle-partridge (bird)' |
Burung Sang Seruk Gunung 'mountain hillpartridge (bird)' (24) (Species now split; name shared with Arborophila campbelli) |
|
Arborophila davidi |
Orange-necked hill partridge Orange-necked partridge David's tree partridge Torquéole de David |
Gà so cổ hung 'reddish-necked hillpartridge' (gà = 'fowl') (12, 13, 34) |
橙颈山鹧鸪 (橙頸山鷓鴣) 'orange-necked mountain-partridge' |
サイゴンミヤマテッケイ (サイゴン深山竹鶏) saigon mi-yama tekkei 'Saigon deep-mountain bamboo-fowl/chicken' |
Burung Siul Leher Oren 'orange-necked whistler (bird)' (24) |
|||
Arborophila charltonii Arborophila charltoni Arborophila chloropus Arborophila merlini |
Scaly-breasted
Partridge Chestnut-necklaced hill partridge Chestnut-necklaced partridge Torquéole à poitrine châtaine Arborophila chloropus: Green-legged Hill Partridge Torquéole des bois Arborophila merlini: Annam partridge Annamese hill partridge Torquéole de Merlin |
Arborophila chloropus (12), Arborophila charltonii (13): Gà so ngực gụ 'ebony-breasted hillpartridge' (gà = 'fowl') (12, 13) Arborophila merlini: Gà so Trung bộ 'central district hillpartridge' (gà = 'fowl') (12, 13, 34) |
Arborophila charltonii (34): Gà so ngực màu hạt dẻ 'chestnut-colour-breasted hillpartridge' (gà = 'fowl') Arborophila chloropus (34): Gà so ngực vảy 'scale-breasted hillpartridge' (gà = 'fowl') Gà so vòng cổ nâu 'brown neck-ringed hillpartridge' (gà = 'fowl') (Wikipedia) |
Arborophila charltonii: (4, 5) 栗胸山鹧鸪 (栗胸山鷓鴣) 'chestnut-breasted mountain-partridge' Arborophila chloropus (Chinese sources): 绿脚山鹧鸪 (綠腳山鷓鴣) 'green-footed mountain-partridge' Arborophila merlini: 越南山鹧鸪 (越南山鷓鴣) 'Vietnamese mountain-partridge' |
Arborophila charltonii: クリチャミヤマテッケイ (栗茶深山竹鶏) kuri-cha mi-yama tekkei 'chestnut-brown deep-mountain bamboo-fowl/chicken' Arborophila chloropus: ミドリアシミヤマテッケイ (緑足深山竹鶏) midori ashi mi-yama tekkei 'green-legged deep-mountain bamboo-fowl/chicken' Arborophila merlini: キアシミヤマテッケイ (黄足深山竹鶏) ki-ashi mi-yama tekkei 'yellow-legged deep-mountain bamboo-fowl/chicken' |
Arborophila charltonii: นกกระทาดงปักษ์ใต้ nók krà-tʰaa-doŋ pàk-tây 'southern region (=South Thailand) jungle-partridge (bird)' Arborophila chloropus: นกกระทาดงแข้งเขียว nók krà-tʰaa-doŋ kʰâaeŋ-kʰĭaw 'green-shinned jungle-partridge (bird)' |
Burung Sang Seruk 'hillpartridge (bird)' (old) (conflicts with Arborophila campbelli and Caloperdix oculeus) Burung Sang Seruk Rimba 'jungle hillpartridge (bird)' (26, 28) (conflicts with Caloperdix oculeus) Burung Siul Onak 'briar whistler (bird)' (24, 25) |
Burung Puyuh-gonggong Kalung 'necklaced barking-quail (bird)' (onomat.) |
PHASIANINAE | ||||||||
SCIENTIFIC & WESTERN |
VIETNAMESE |
EAST ASIAN |
S. E. ASIAN |
|||||
PAVONINI | ||||||||
Pavo | ||||||||
Latin |
English/French |
Vietnamese |
Other V |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Thai |
Malaysian |
Indonesian |
Pavo muticus |
Green peafowl Paon spicifère |
Công 'peafowl' (12, 13, 34) or Cuông 'peafowl' (12, 34) |
绿孔雀 (綠孔雀) 'green peafowl' |
クジャク (孔雀) kujaku 'peafowl' (from Chinese) |
นกยูง nók yuuŋ 'peafowl bird' |
Burung Merak Hijau 'green greenpeafowl (bird)' (24a, 25, 28) Burung Merak 'greenpeafowl (bird)' (old, 24, 26) |
Burung Merak Hijau 'green greenpeafowl (bird)' (29, 30) |
|
Rheinardia | ||||||||
Latin |
English/French |
Vietnamese |
Other V |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Thai |
Malaysian |
Indonesian |
Rheinardia ocellata |
Crested argus Argus ocellé |
Trĩ sao 'starred pheasant' (12, 13, 34) |
冠眼斑雉 (冠眼斑雉) 'crested eye-spotted pheasant' (4) 风头眼斑雉 (鳳頭眼斑雉) 'phoenix-headed eye-spotted pheasant' (5) Other: 冠鸾 (冠鸞) 'crested luán' (Wikipedia) 冠羽雉 (冠羽雉) 'crested feathered pheasant' (Wikipedia) |
カンムリセイラン (冠青鸞) kanmuri seiran 'crested blue/green ran' |
Burung Kuang Raya Gunung 'mountain great-argus (bird)' (onomat.) (old, 24, 25, 26, 28) Burung Kuang Gunung 'mountain argus (bird)' (onomat.) (24a) |
|||
POLYPLECTRONINI | ||||||||
Polyplectron | ||||||||
Latin |
English/French |
Vietnamese |
Other V |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Thai |
Malaysian |
Indonesian |
Polyplectron germaini |
Germain's peacock pheasant Germain's peacock-pheasant Eperonnier de Germain |
Gà tiền mặt đỏ 'red-faced coin fowl/chicken' (12, 13, 34) |
Gà sao 'starred fowl/chicken' (alt in 34) (shared with Polyplectron bicalcaratum) |
眼斑孔雀雉 (眼斑孔雀雉) 'spotted peafowl-pheasant' |
カッショクコクジャク (褐色小孔雀) kasshoku ko kujaku 'brown small peafowl' |
Burung Kuang Candan 'joking argus (bird)' (onomat.) (24) |
||
Polyplectron bicalcaratum |
Grey peacock Pheasant Grey peacock-pheasant Burmese peacock pheasant Grey peafowl pheasant Eperonnier chinquis |
Gà tiền mặt vàng 'yellow-faced coin fowl/chicken' (12, 13, 34) |
Gà sao 'starred fowl/chicken' (alt in 34) (shared with Polyplectron germaini) |
灰孔雀雉 (灰孔雀雉) 'grey peafowl-pheasant' |
コクジャク (小孔雀) ko kujaku 'small peafowl' |
นกแว่นสีเทา nók wâeen sĭi-tʰaw 'grey spectacles-bird' |
Burung Kuang Kelabu 'grey argus (bird)' (onomat.) (24, 25) |
|
COTURNICINI | ||||||||
Coturnix | ||||||||
Latin |
English/French |
Vietnamese |
Other V |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Thai |
Malaysian |
Indonesian |
Coturnix japonica |
Japanese quail Caille du Japon |
Cay Nhật Bản 'Japanese coturnixquail' (12, 13) |
Cay Nhật 'Japanese coturnixquail' (34) Chim cút Nhật Bản 'Japanese quail bird' (Wikipedia) Cay mốc 'stake coturnixquail' |
鹌鹑 (鵪鶉) 'quail' (2, 4) 日本鹌鹑 (日本鵪鶉) 'Japanese quail' (3, 5) Taiwan: (鹌鹑) 鵪鶉 'quail' |
ウズラ (鶉) uzura 'quail' |
นกคุ่มญี่ปุ่น nók kʰûm yîi-pùn 'Japanese quail (bird)' |
Burung Puyuh 'quail (bird)' (24) |
|
Coturnix coromandelica |
Rain quail Caille nattée |
Cay Ấn Độ 'Indian coturnixquail' (12, 34) |
Chim cút Ấn Độ 'Indian quail bird' (Wikipedia) |
黑胸鹌鹑 (黑胸鵪鶉) 'black-breasted quail' |
ムナグロウズラ (胸黒鶉) muna-guro uzura 'black-breasted quail' |
นกคุ่มอกดำ nók kʰûm òk-dam 'black-breasted quail (bird)' |
Burung Puyuh Hujan 'rain quail (bird)' (24) |
|
Synoicus | ||||||||
Latin |
English/French |
Vietnamese |
Other V |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Thai |
Malaysian |
Indonesian |
Synoicus chinensis Coturnix chinensis Excalfactoria chinensis |
Blue-breasted quail or King quail Indian blue quail Caille peinte |
Cay Trung Quốc 'Chinese coturnixquail' (12, 13, 34) |
Chim cút ngực lam 'blue-breasted quail bird' (Wikipedia) Quế hoa tước 'cinnamon-flower sparrow' (Wikipedia) Chim cút Trung Quốc 'Chinese quail bird' (Wikipedia) |
蓝胸鹑 (藍胸鶉) 'blue-breasted quail' Taiwan: (小鹌鹑) 小鵪鶉 'small quail' |
ヒメウズラ (姫鶉) hime uzura 'princess quail' |
นกคุ่มสี nók kʰûm sĭi 'coloured quail (bird)' |
Burung Pikau 'bluequail (bird)' (onomat.) (old, 24, 25, 26, 28) |
Burung Puyuh Batu 'rock quail (bird)' Burung Puyuh Pepekoh 'bluequail quail (bird)' (onomat.) (pikau ~ pepekoh) (29) |
GALLINI | ||||||||
Francolinus | ||||||||
Latin |
English/French |
Vietnamese |
Other V |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Thai |
Malaysian |
Indonesian |
Francolinus pintadeanus |
Chinese francolin Francolin perlé |
Đa đa 'da da' (12, 13, 34) or Gà gô 'partridge' (gà = 'fowl') (12, 13, 34) |
中华鹧鸪 (中華鷓鴣) 'Chinese partridge' or 鹧鸪 (鷓鴣) 'partridge' (alt in 1, 3) |
コモンシャコ (小紋鷓鴣) komon shako 'fine-patterned partridge' |
นกกระทาทุ่ง nók krà-tʰaa tʰûŋ 'field-partridge (bird)' |
Burung Boniti Cina 'Chinese Boinet's bird' (boniti adapted from Boinet (French proper noun) (24) |
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Bambusicola | ||||||||
Latin |
English/French |
Vietnamese |
Other V |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Thai |
Malaysian |
Indonesian |
Bambusicola fytchii |
Mountain bamboo partridge Mountain bamboo-partridge Bambusicole de Fytch |
Gà so 'hillpartridge' (gà = 'fowl') (12, 34) |
棕胸竹鸡 (棕胸竹雞) 'reddishbrown-breasted bamboo-fowl/chicken' |
ウンナンコジュケイ (雲南小綬鶏) unnan ko-jukei 'Yunnan small silkribbon-fowl/chicken' |
นกกระทาป่าไผ่ nók krà-tʰaa pàa-pʰày 'bamboo-forest partridge (bird)' |
Burung Siul Buluh 'bamboo whistler (bird)' (24) |
||
Gallus | ||||||||
Latin |
English/French |
Vietnamese |
Other V |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Thai |
Malaysian |
Indonesian |
Gallus gallus |
Red junglefowl Coq bankiva |
Gà rừng 'forest fowl/chicken' (12, 13, 34) |
原鸡 (原雞) 'primitive fowl/chicken' |
セキショクヤケイ (赤色野鶏) seki-shoku ya-kei 'red-coloured wild fowl/chicken' |
ไก่ป่า kày pàa 'forest (=wild) fowl' |
Ayam Hutan 'forest fowl/chicken' (old, 24, 25, 26, 28) or Ayam Beroga 'beroga fowl/chicken' (old, alt in 26, 28) |
Ayam-hutan Merah 'red forest-fowl/chicken' (29, 30) |
|
LOPHOPHORINI | ||||||||
Tragopan | ||||||||
Latin |
English/French |
Vietnamese |
Other V |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Thai |
Malaysian |
Indonesian |
Tragopan temminckii |
Temminck's tragopan Tragopan de Temminck |
Gà lôi tía 'purple thunder-fowl/chicken' (12, 34) |
红腹角雉 (紅腹角雉) 'red-bellied horned-pheasant' |
ベニジュケイ (紅綬鶏) beni jukei 'crimson silkribbon-fowl/chicken' |
Burung Kuang Tunggul 'pennant argus (bird)' (onomat.) (24) |
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PHASIANINI | ||||||||
Phasianus | ||||||||
Latin |
English/French |
Vietnamese |
Other V |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Thai |
Malaysian |
Indonesian |
Phasianus colchicus |
Common pheasant Faisan de Colchide |
Trĩ đỏ 'red pheasant' (12, 13, 34) |
Trĩ đỏ khoang cổ 'streak-necked red pheasant' |
环颈雉 (環頸雉) 'ring-necked pheasant' (1, 2, 4) 雉鸡 (雉雞) 'pheasant fowl/chicken' (3, 5. alt in 1) Taiwan: (环颈雉) 環頸雉 'ring-necked pheasant' |
コウライキジ (高麗雉) kōrai kiji 'Korean pheasant' (released species) |
ไก่ฟ้าธรรมดา kài-fáa tʰam-ma-daa 'common sky-fowl' |
Burung Kuang Bayas 'common argus (bird)' (onomat.) (24) |
|
Lophura | ||||||||
Latin |
English/French |
Vietnamese |
Other V |
Chinese |
Japanese |
Thai |
Malaysian |
Indonesian |
Lophura nycthemera |
Silver pheasant Faisan argenté |
Gà lôi trắng 'white thunder-fowl/chicken' (12, 13, 34) |
Trĩ bạc 'silver pheasant' (alt in 34) Gà lôi 'thunder-fowl/chicken' Gà lôi vằn 'lined thunder-fowl/chicken' |
白鹇 (白鷼) 'white silverpheasant' |
ハッカン (白鷴) hakkan 'white-silverpheasant' (from Chinese 'white silverpheasant') |
ไก่ฟ้าหลังขาว kày-fáa lăŋ-kʰăaw 'white-backed sky-fowl' |
Burung Kuang Perak 'silver argus (bird)' (onomat.) (24) |
|
Lophura edwardsi |
Edwards's pheasant Edwards' pheasant Faisan d'Edwards Lophura hatinhensis: Vietnamese pheasant Vo Quy's pheasant Faisan du Vietnam |
Gà lôi lam mào trắng 'white-crested blue thunder-fowl/chicken' (12, 34) Lophura hatinhensis: Gà lôi lam đuôi trắng 'white-tailed blue thunder-fowl/chicken' (12, 34) or Gà lừng 'lung fowl/chicken' (12) |
Gà lôi mào trắng 'white-crested thunder-fowl/chicken' (13) Lophura hatinhensis: Gà lôi Hà Tĩnh 'Ha Tinh thunder-fowl' (Ha Tinh is a province in Central Vietnam) (13) |
爱氏鹇 (愛氏鷼) 'Mr Ai's silverpheasant' (literally Mr Love's silverpheasant) Lophura hatinhensis: 越南鹇 (越南鷼) 'Vietnamese silverpheasant' (4) |
コサンケイ (小山鶏) ko sankei 'small mountain fowl' |
Burung Kuang Ranting 'twig (=small) argus (bird)' (onomat.) (24) |
||
Lophura diardi |
Siamese fireback Siamese fireback pheasant Diard's fireback pheasant Faisan prélat |
Gà lôi hồng tía 'rosy purple thunder-fowl/chicken' (12, 13, 34) |
戴氏火背鹇 (戴氏火背鷼) 'Mr Dai's fire-backed silverpheasant' (4) 泰国火背鹇 (泰國火背鷼) 'Thai fire-backed silverpheasant' (5) |
シマハッカン (縞?白鷴) shima hakkan 'striped ? white-silverpheasant' |
ไก่ฟ้าพญาลอ kày-fáa pʰa-yaa-loaa 'fireback sky-fowl' |
Burung Pegar Siam 'Siamese crestedfireback (bird)' (24) |
Cay has been borrowed from French caille in order to ornithologically distinguish the phasianid quails (Cay) from the turnicid quails, which have been assigned the traditional quail name of Cun cút.
ฟ้า fáa, usually 'sky, heavens, celestial, etc.', here has a special ornithological meaning of 'fancy, elegant, brightly coloured, etc.'
Mostly from Robinson (& Chasen) 1927-1939 v1-4; additions from Madoc 1947 (et.seq.), and Glenister 1951 (both mostly names copied from Robinson)
Selanting (written variously as selanting, saulanting, and lanting) is an old name for Rhizothera longirostris, but the etymology of the name remains unclear.
Sang seruk (sangseruk, sangserok, sangserut, or sengsurit) is an old name for a single partridge species, variously identified as Caloperdix oculeus, Arborophila charltonii, or Arborophila campbelli (the only three species in these genera in the W Malaysia-Singapore area). In ornithological Malaysian it has been common (but not universal) to use sang seruk in the names of all three species.
Most of the partridges have distinctive whistling calls, but siul (also mersiul) 'whistler' became an early ornithological species-name for Rollulus roulroul alone. An effort was made (24, 25) to insert siul into the names for most birds called 'partridges' in English. However, in more recent phasianid names siul is once again restricted to Rollulus roulroul.
Bertam palms (Eugeissona tristis) are economically useful, and the Malay name bertam has been borrowed into English. Bertam forms a dense thorny thicket which provides food and shelter for wildlife.
Beroga (written variously as beroga, biruga, borga, and burga) is used with ayam 'fowl/chicken' as an alternate name for 'junglefowl'.
Mata merah 'red-eyed' is an old descriptive name for crestless fireback pheasant and can occur either with burung or ayam.
Mata mera was accidentally transposed to merah mata in one old publication and the error has been recopied in (24) and elsewhere.
Kuang is an onomatopoetic rendition of the call of Argusianus argus and generally came to be used in the names of the arguses and peacock-pheasants.
In Malaysian only, kuang has been extended to include any pheasant and is now the usual Malaysian translation for English 'pheasant'.
Pegar (written variously as pegar or begar) is an old name for crested fireback pheasant and can occur either with burung or ayam. Ayam Pegar 'crestedfireback fowl/chicken' has recently been suggested (28) as a genus-name for Lophura.
This name was meant to be the Malaysian translation of English 'common pheasant'. Biasa 'common' was erroneously replaced by bayas 'palm species' in (24).
The 鸞 / 鸾 luán, Japanese 鸞 ran, is a mythical Chinese bird similar to the phoenix.
แว่น wâeen 'lens; glasses, spectacles' is also a numeral classifier for disk-shaped objects. Here it refers to the ocelli on the tails of peacock-pheasants rather than to the eyes on the head.
孔雀 kǒngquè is an ancient name that is only partly analysable. 孔 has many meanings, including 'hole', 'cave' (modern dialect), 'beautiful', and 'splendid', as well as being the surname of Confucius. Whatever the original meaning, here it is simply part of the bird's name. 雀 què originally meant 'sparrow' but is now used in the names of all kinds of small birds, notably finches. Its use in the name of such a large bird is anomalous from the point of view of modern usage.
中国鸟类种和亚种分类名录大全(修订版) 郑作新 著 科学出版社 北京 2000年
A Complete Checklist of Species and Subspecies of the Chinese Birds (Revised Edition) by Cheng Tso-Hsin, Science Press, Beijing 2000
中国鸟类分类与分布名录 主编:郑光美 科学出版社 北京 2005年
A Checklist on the Classification and Distribution of the Birds of China Chief editor: Zheng Guangmei, Science Press, Beijing 2005
中国鸟类野外手册(中文版)约翰・马敬能、卡伦・菲利普斯,合作者:荷芬奇,翻译:卢和芬 湖南教育出版社 长沙 2000年
A Field Guide to the Birds of China (Chinese translation) by John MacKinnon, Karen Phillipps, in collaboration with He Fen-qi, translated by Lu Hefen, Hunan Jiaoyu Chubanshe (Hunan Educational Press) Changsha 2000
世界鸟类分类与分布名录 主编:郑光美 科学出版社 北京 2002年
A Checklist on the Classification and Distribution of the Birds of the World Chief editor: Zheng Guangmei, Science Press, Beijing 2002
世界鸟类名称(拉丁文、汉文、英文对照)第二版 郑作新等 科学出版社 北京 2002年
Birds of the World (Latin, Chinese and English Names) 2nd ed. by Cheng Tso-Hsin et al, Science Press, Beijing 2002
Danh Lục Chim Việt Nam (In lần thứ hai) (Checklist of the Birds of Vietnam) Võ Quý, Nguyễn Cử, Nhà Xuất Bản Nông Nghiệp, Hà Nội 1999
Chim Việt Nam Nguyễn Cử, Lê Trọng Trải, Karen Phillipps; Nhà Xuất Bản Lao Động - Xã Hội, 2000
Senarai Nama-nama Burung Semenanjung Malaysia dan Asia Tenggara by Ismail, Abdul Rahman, Perhilitan (Jabatam Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara, Semenanjung Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur 1981
List of the Names of Birds of Peninsular Malaysia and Southeast Asia by Ismail, Abdul Rahman, Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 1981
Previously online version of: Senarai Nama-nama Burung Semenanjung Malaysia dan Asia Tenggara by Ismail, Abdul Rahman, Perhilitan (Jabatam Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara, Semenanjung Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur 1981
List of the Names of Birds of Peninsular Malaysia and Southeast Asia by Ismail, Abdul Rahman, Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 1981
The Birds of the Thai-Malay Peninsula: Vol. 1 - Non-passerines by Wells, David R., Academic Press, London 1999
A Field Guide to the Birds of West Malaysia and Singapore by Jeyarajasingam, Allen and Alan Pearson, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1999
A Field Guide to the Birds of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore (second edition) by Jeyarajasingham, Allen, Illustrations by Alan Pearson, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012
A Field Guide to the Birds of Java and Bali (second edition) by MacKinnon, John, Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta 1990
Burung Nusantara checklist of Birds of Indonesia
Danh Lục Các Loài Chim ở Việt Nam (Latinh, Việt, Pháp, Hán) Trần Văn Chánh 2008-2009